Controlled growth of microorganisms

ABSTRACT

It can be useful to regulate the growth of microbial cells. Some embodiments herein provide genetically engineered microbial cells that can produce bacteriocins to control the growth of microbial cells. In some embodiments, microbial cells are contained within a desired environment. In some embodiments, contaminating microbial cells are neutralized. In some embodiments, a first microbial cell type regulates the growth of a second microbial cell type so as to maintain a desired ratio of the two cell types.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/867,510, filed on Aug. 19, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled SEQUENCESYNG001A.TXT, created and last saved on Aug. 11, 2014, which is 380,081 bytes in size. The information in the electronic format of the Sequence Listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Humans have used microbial organisms to generate products since the beginning of human history, for example in processing foods such as cheese, beer, and wine. During the centuries, microbial organism-mediated processes have been studied and scaled-up, often by controlling fermentation conditions or identification of phenotypic characteristics of microbial organisms.

Presently, many products are produced using a process that involves microbial organisms. In laboratories, and in some pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, microbial organisms, including genetically engineered microbial organisms, can be cultured in sterile, controlled environments. On the other hand, feedstocks used for various industrial processes involving microorganisms are not sterile, and may contain a variety of strains and species of microorganisms. As such, genetically engineered microorganisms for laboratory and pharmaceutical processes are not necessarily suited for processes, such as industrial processes, which involve using feedstocks or which are exposed to other microorganisms in the environment which could potentially contaminate the culture and which may also involve, changing environmental conditions. Herein microorganisms which have been engineered to control their own growth and the growth of other microorganisms and/or to respond to changes in their environment are described. Such microorganisms are suitable for growth in non-sterile, less rigidly controlled feedstocks. Such microorganisms can be useful for robust, consistent production of a desired product across a range of different feedstocks and environments.

FIELD

Embodiments herein relate generally to the control of growth of microorganisms. More particularly, some embodiments herein relate to microorganisms engineered for regulated growth in response to other microorganisms and/or conditions of the culture environment, and methods of making and using such engineered microorganisms.

SUMMARY

One embodiment disclosed herein includes a first microbial cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a secreted bacteriocin which controls the growth of a second microbial cell and a nucleic acid which confers resistance to the secreted bacteriocin is provided, in which the first microbial cell has been genetically engineered to allow the expression or activity of the nucleic acid which confers resistance to the bacteriocin to be regulated. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the expression or activity of the nucleic acid which confers resistance to the bacteriocin is reduced to a level which causes the first microbial cell to be neutralized by the bacteriocin if the first microbial cell is released from a desired growth environment. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the first microbial cell has been genetically engineered to make a desired product. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the secreted bacteriocin further has been selected to maintain at least one condition within a culture in which the first microbial cell is producing the desired product. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the culture comprises at least one invading microbial organism. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the at least one condition of the culture comprises controlling the growth of the second microbial cell, wherein the second microbial cell is a common contaminate of the culture. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the second microbial cell is a different strain, species or genus than the first microbial cell. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the microbial cell further comprises a nucleic acid encoding a second secreted bacteriocin which controls the growth of a third microbial cell and a nucleic acid which confers resistance to the secreted second bacteriocin, and also the first microbial cell has been genetically engineered to allow the expression or activity of the nucleic acid which confers resistance to the bacteriocin to be regulated. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the bacteriocin kills the second microbial cell. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the bacteriocin reduces the growth rate of the second microbial cell. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the bacteriocin arrests the growth of the second microbial cell. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the transcription of the nucleic acid conferring resistance to the bacteriocin is under the control of a regulatable promoter. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the activity of a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid conferring resistance to the bacteriocin is regulatable. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the nucleic acid encoding the bacteriocin is on a chromosome of the microbial cell. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the nucleic acid conferring resistance to the bacteriocin is on a plasmid. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the nucleic acid encoding the bacteriocin is on a chromosome of the microbial cell, and the nucleic acid conferring resistance to the bacteriocin is on a plasmid. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the nucleic acid encoding the bacteriocin and the nucleic acid conferring resistance to the bacteriocin are on one or more plasmids. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the first microbial cell is selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeast, and algae, for example photosynthetic microalgae.

Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method of controlling the growth of a second microbial cell in a culture medium, in which the method includes comprising culturing a first microbial cell as described herein in a culture medium comprising the second microbial cell under conditions in which the first microbial cell produces a bacteriocin at a level sufficient to control the growth of the second microbial cell. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the culture is maintained continually for at least 30 days, for example at least 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 days. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the method further includes detecting at least one change in the culture medium, the change comprising a presence or increase in the levels or activity of a third microbial cell, and reengineering the first microbial cell in response to the change to produce a second bacteriocin at a level sufficient to control the growth of the third microbial cell.

Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method of detecting a presence, absence, or amount of a molecule in a culture is provided. The method can comprise culturing a first genetically engineered microbial cell comprising a bacteriocin under the control of a genetically regulatable promoter, such that the regulatable promoter is regulated by the molecule so that either (a) the regulatable promoter drives transcription in the presence of the molecule, but not in the absence of the molecule; or (b) the regulatable promoter drives transcription in the absence of the molecule, but not in the presence of the molecule. The method can comprise isolating an amount of genomic nucleic acid of the first microbial cell from the culture. The method can comprise detecting from the amount of genomic nucleic acid, a presence, absence, or quantity of a nucleic acid sequence characteristic of the first microbial cell. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the method further includes comparing the quantity of the nucleic acid sequence characteristic of the first microbial cell to a quantity of a reference nucleic acid sequence.

Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a genetically engineered vector comprising a nucleic acid conferring resistance to a bacteriocin, in which the expression or activity of the nucleic acid is configured to change in response to the presence, level or absence of a component of a feedstock. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the vector further comprises a nucleic acid encoding the bacteriocin. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the vector further comprises a nucleic acid which encodes a desired product.

Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a kit, which can includes a plurality of strains of a genetically engineered microbial organism, in which each strain has been genetically engineered to allow the expression or activity of a nucleic acid which confers resistance to a different bacteriocin to be regulated.

Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method of identifying at least one bacteriocin which modulates the growth of at least one microbial cell in an industrial culture medium, in which the method includes contacting the industrial culture medium with a medium or composition comprising the at least one bacteriocin; and determining whether the at least one bacteriocin has a desired effect on the growth of the at least one microbial cell. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the method includes contacting the industrial culture medium with at least one bacteriocin produced by a first microbial cell as described herein. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the at least one bacteriocin produced by the first microbial cell is in a supernatant obtained from a culture comprising the first microbial cell. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the method further includes constructing a genetically engineered microbial cell to produce at least one bacteriocin which has been determined to have a desired effect on the growth of the at least one microbial cell. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the at least one microbial cell is an organism which is a common invader of the industrial culture medium. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the at least one microbial cell is an organism which has newly invaded an existing industrial culture.

Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a system for neutralizing undesired microbial organisms in a culture medium. The system can comprise a first environment comprising a culture medium, and a second environment comprising a second microbial organism that secretes two or more different bacteriocins, in which the second microbial organism comprises immunity modulators for each of the two or more different bacteriocins, in which the second environment is in fluid communication with the first environment, in which the second environment is physically separated from the first environment so that the second microbial organism cannot move from the second environment to the first environment, and in which the secreted two or more different bacteriocins enter the culture medium of the first environment. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the system further comprises a first microbial organism in the culture medium, in which the first microbial organism does not secrete the two or more different bacteriocins, and in which the first microbial organism is not neutralized by any of the two or more different bacteriocins. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the first microbial organism is non-GMO. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the first microbial organism ferments a component of the culture medium. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the first microbial organism decontaminates the culture medium. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the first microbial organism conducts photosynthesis, and the photosynthesis comprises a substrate comprised by the culture medium. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the second environment is separated from the first environment by at least one of a membrane, a mesh, a filter, or a valve that is permeable to the two or more different bacteriocins, but is not permeable to the second microbial organisms. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the second microbial organism secretes at least 3 bacteriocins, for example at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 bacteriocins. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the second environment comprises at least a third microbial organism that is different from the second microbial organism, and also secretes bacteriocins. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the third microbial organism secretes at least 2 bacteriocins, for example at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 bacteriocins. Another embodiment disclosed herein includes a method of storing a feedstock. The method can comprise providing a feedstock, providing a first microbial organism, in which the first microbial organism secretes two or more different bacteriocins, contacting the feedstock with the bacteriocins, and storing the feedstock for a desired period of time. According to some aspects of this embodiment, contacting the feedstock with the bacteriocins comprises contacting the feedstock with the microbial organism. According to some aspects of this embodiment, contacting the feedstock with the bacteriocins comprises placing the microbial organism in fluid communication with the feedstock, while maintaining physical separation between the microbial organism and the feedstock, so that the bacteriocins contact the feedstock, but the microbial organism does not directly contact the feedstock. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the separation is maintained by at least one or more of a membrane, a mesh, a filter, or a valve that is permeable to the two or more different bacteriocins, but is not permeable to the first microbial organism. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the method further comprises fermenting the feedstock with a second microbial organism prior to or concurrently with contacting the feedstock with the bacteriocins. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the fermentation comprises at least one of producing a desired component in the feedstock or removing an undesired component from the feedstock. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the desired period of time comprises at least one month, for example at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, or twelve months. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the desired period of time comprises at least six months, for example six, seven, eight nine, ten, eleven, or twelve months. According to some aspects of this embodiment, the first microbial organism secretes at least 3 bacteriocins, for example at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or bacteriocins.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram depicting options for configuring a microbial cell to control the growth of a second microbial cell according to some of the embodiments herein.

FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram illustrating a first microbial cell controlling the growth of other microbial cells according to some of the embodiments herein. FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram illustrating control of the growth of a first microbial cell when the first microbial cell is no longer in a desired growth environment according to some of the embodiments herein.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a first microbial cell controlling growth of a second microbial cell and neutralizing an invading cell in a desired environment according to some of the embodiments herein.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a first microbial cell neutralizing a first invading cell with a first bacteriocin and second invading cells with a second bacteriocin in a desired environment according to some of the embodiments herein.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating methods of controlling the growth of at least a second microbial cell in culture according to some embodiments herein.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a system comprising a genetic guard in accordance with some embodiments herein.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a genetic guard system that can be useful for photosynthetic production in accordance with some embodiments herein.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating methods of producing and using bacteriocins in accordance with some embodiments herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to some of the embodiments herein, genetically engineered microbial organisms are provided. In some embodiments, the microbial organisms are engineered to control the growth of the microbial population in an environment such as those employing a feedstock. As used herein, “neutralizing” activity (and variations of the same root word) of bacteriocins can refer to either arrest of microbial reproduction, or cytotoxicity. Microbial organisms can be engineered to produce bacteriocins, which are secreted polypeptides that can neutralize microorganisms. However, microbial organisms that produce bacteriocin immunity modulators can resist certain bacteriocins. Thus, in some embodiments, a first microbial organism is engineered to secrete bacteriocins. In some embodiments, the particular bacteriocins are selected based on the type of microbial cell, the types of microbial cells being regulated, the composition of the culture medium, or geographic location (for example, to target particular contaminating microbial organisms associated with a particular type of culture medium and/or geographical location). Other microbial organisms that possess desired characteristics for a particular environment can produce bacteriocin immunity modulators (and thus survive in the presence of bacteriocins), while undesired other microbial organisms (for example contaminants, microbial organisms that have lost a desired characteristic or organisms which are involved in an industrial process but whose growth or production of a particular product is not desired under the prevailing conditions) fail to produce bacteriocin immunity modulators, and are thus neutralized by the bacteriocins.

Microbial Organisms

According to some aspects, genetically engineered microorganisms are provided. As used herein, genetically engineered “microbial organism,” “microorganism,” and variations of these root terms (such as pluralizations and the like), encompasses genetic modification of any naturally-occurring species or fully synthetic prokaryotic or eukaryotic unicellular organism, as well as Archae species. Thus, this expression can refer to cells of bacterial species, fungal species, and algae.

Exemplary microorganisms that can be used in accordance with embodiments herein include, but are not limited to, bacteria, yeast, and algae, for example photosynthetic microalgae. Furthermore, fully synthetic microorganism genomes can be synthesized and transplanted into single microbial cells, to produce synthetic microorganisms capable of continuous self-replication (see Gibson et al. (2010), “Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome,” Science 329: 52-56, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). As such, in some embodiments, the microorganism is fully synthetic. A desired combination of genetic elements, including elements that regulate gene expression, and elements encoding gene products (for example bacteriocins, immunity modulators, poison, antidote, and industrially useful molecules) can be assembled on a desired chassis into a partially or fully synthetic microorganism. Description of genetically engineered microbial organisms for industrial applications can also be found in Wright, et al. (2013) “Building-in biosafety for synthetic biology” Microbiology 159: 1221-1235.

A variety of bacterial species and strains can be used in accordance with embodiments herein, and genetically modified variants, or synthetic bacteria based on a “chassis” of a known species can be provided. Exemplary bacteria with industrially applicable characteristics, which can be used in accordance with embodiments herein include, but are not limited to, Bacillus species (for example Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus licheniformis), Paenibacillus species, Streptomyces species, Micrococcus species, Corynebacterium species, Acetobacter species, Cyanobacteria species, Salmonella species, Rhodococcus species, Pseudomonas species, Lactobacillus species, Enterococcus species, Alcaligenes species, Klebsiella species, Paenibacillus species, Arthrobacter species, Corynebacterium species, Brevibacterium species, Thermus aquaticus, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Clostridium thermocellus, and Escherichia coli.

A variety of yeast species and strains can be used in accordance with embodiments herein, and genetically modified variants, or synthetic yeast based on a “chassis” of a known species can be provided. Exemplary yeast with industrially applicable characteristics, which can be used in accordance with embodiments herein include, but are not limited to Saccharomyces species (for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus, Saccharomyces boulardii), Candida species (for example, Candida utilis, Candida krusei), Schizosaccharomyces species (for example Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Schizosaccharomyces japonicas), Pichia or Hansenula species (for example, Pichia pastoris or Hansenula polymorpha) species, and Brettanomyces species (for example, Brettanomyces claussenii).

A variety of algae species and strains can be used in accordance with embodiments herein, and genetically modified variants, or synthetic algae based on a “chassis” of a known species can be created. In some embodiments, the algae comprises photosynthetic microalgae. Exemplary algae species that can be useful for biofuels, and can be used in accordance with embodiments herein, include Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella species, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Gracilaria species, Pleurochrysis carterae, and Sargassum species. Additionally, many algaes can be useful for food products, fertilizer products, waste neutralization, environmental remediation, and carbohydrate manufacturing (for example, biofuels).

Bacteriocins

As used herein, “bacteriocin,” and variations of this root term, refers to a polypeptide that is secreted by a host cell and can neutralize at least one cell other than the individual host cell in which the polypeptide is made, including cells clonally related to the host cell and other microbial cells. As used herein, “bacteriocin” also encompasses a cell-free or chemically synthesized version of such a polypeptide. A cell that expresses a particular “immunity modulator” (discussed in more detail herein) is immune to the neutralizing effects of a particular bacteriocin or group of bacteriocins. As such, bacteriocins can neutralize a cell producing the bacteriocin and/or other microbial cells, so long as these cells do not produce an appropriate immunity modulator. As such, a host cell can exert cytotoxic or growth-inhibiting effects on a plurality of other microbial organisms by secreting bacteriocins. In some embodiments, a bacteriocin is produced by the translational machinery (e.g. a ribosome, etc.) of a microbial cell. In some embodiments, a bacteriocin is chemically synthesized. Some bacteriocins can be derived from a polypeptide precursor. The polypeptide precursor can undergo cleavage (for example processing by a protease) to yield the polypeptide of the bacteriocin itself. As such, in some embodiments, a bacteriocin is produced from a precursor polypeptide. In some embodiments, a bacteriocin comprises a polypeptide that has undergone post-translational modifications, for example cleavage, or the addition of one or more functional groups.

“Antibiotic,” and variations of this root term, refers to a metabolite, or an intermediate of a metabolic pathway which can kill or arrest the growth of at least one microbial cell. Some antibiotics can be produced by microbial cells, for example bacteria. Some antibiotics can be synthesized chemically. It is understood that bacteriocins are distinct from antibiotics, at least in that bacteriocins refer to gene products (which, in some embodiments, undergo additional post-translational processing) or synthetic analogs of the same, while antibiotics refer to intermediates or products of metabolic pathways or synthetic analogs of the same.

Neutralizing activity of bacteriocins can include arrest of microbial reproduction, or cytotoxicity. Some bacteriocins have cytotoxic activity (e.g. “bacteriocide” effects), and thus can kill microbial organisms, for example bacteria, yeast, algae, synthetic micoorganisms, and the like. Some bacteriocins can inhibit the reproduction of microbial organisms (e.g. “bacteriostatic” effects), for example bacteria, yeast, algae, synthetic micoorganisms, and the like, for example by arresting the cell cycle.

It is noted that non-bacteriocin approaches have been proposed to target various microbial organisms. For example, KAMORAN™ chemical has been proposed to target Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) family bacteria (see Union Nationale des Groupements de Distillateurs D'Alcool, (2005) “Kamoran”). It is noted that phage has also been proposed to target LAB family bacteria (see U.S. Pub. No. 2010/0330041). It is noted that pesticides have been proposed to target various contaminating microbial organsims (see McBride et al., “Contamination Management in Low Cost Open Algae Ponds for Biofuels Production” Industrial Biotechnology 10: 221-227 (2014)). However, bacteriocins can provide numerous advantages over chemicals, pesticides, or phages. For example, bacteriocins can avoid potentially toxic runoff or byproduct in a feedstock. For example, bacteriocins can have higher efficacy against particular undesired microbial organisms than phages, chemicals, or pesticides. For example, bacteriocins can be produced by microbial organisms that undergo logarithmic growth, and thus can readily be scaled-up or scaled down, whereas the scalability of phages or chemical/pesticide systems can be more limited. For example, bacteriocins can allow for precise control over which organisms are neutralized and which are not, for example to avoid neutralization of industrially useful microbial organisms in the culture medium. For example, phages can be difficult to produce at an industrial scale, and also can be difficult to control, in that phages can be infectious, can raise questions of gene control, and in that conservation of phages can be difficult. On the other hand, bacteriocins in accordance with some embodiments herein can comprise part of an industrial process and thus can be involved in gene containment and/or control a fermentation process via bacteriostatic activity. Additionally, the susceptibility of the microbial organisms involved in the industrial process can be tuned via immunity control. Additionally, bacteriocins typically have a low level of toxicity for industrial applications such as human or animal food, and it is contemplated that bacteriocins in accordance with some embodiments herein are suitable for use as a food preservative, such as an additive.

In some embodiments, a particular neutralizing activity (e.g. cytoxicity or arrest of microbial reproduction) is selected based on the type of microbial regulation that is desired. As such in some embodiments, microbial cells are engineered to express particular bacteriocins or combination of bacteriocins. For example, in some embodiments, microbial cells are engineered to express particular bacteriocins based on the cells being regulated. In some embodiments, for example if contaminating cells are to be killed at least one cytotoxic bacteriocin is provided. In some embodiments, a bacteriocin or combination of bacteriocins which is effective against contaminants which commonly occur in a particular culture, or a particular geographic location, or a particular type of culture grown in a particular geographic location are selected. In some embodiments, for example embodiments in which reversible regulation of microbial cell ratios is desired, a bacteriocin that inhibits microbial reproduction is provided. Without being limited by any particular theory, many bacteriocins can have neutralizing activity against microbial organisms that typically occupy the same ecological niche as the species that produces the bacteriocin. As such, in some embodiments, when a particular spectrum of bacteriocin activity is desired, a bacteriocin is selected from a host species that occupies the same (or similar) ecological niche as the microbial organism or organisms targeted by the bacteriocin.

In some embodiments, one or more bacteriocin activities are selected in advance of culture growth, and one or more microbial organisms are engineered to generate a desired culture environment. In some embodiments, bacteriocins may be selected based on their ability to neutralize one or more invading organisms which are likely to attempt to grow in a particular culture. In another embodiment, in an industrial environment in which strain A makes intermediate A, and strain B converts intermediate A into intermediate B, strains A and B can be engineered so that an abundance of intermediate A shifts the equilibrium to favor strain B by generating a bacteriocin activity profile such that growth of strain A is inhibited or prevented under these conditions, while a lack of intermediate A shifts the equilibrium to favor strain A by generating a bacteriocin activity profile such that growth of strain B is inhibited or prevented. In some embodiments, one or more bacteriocin activities are selected based on one or more conditions of an existing culture environment. For example, if particular invaders are identified in a culture environment, “neutralizer” microrganisms can be engineered to produce bacteriocins to neutralize the identified invaders. In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells that produce bacteriocins are added to an existing culture to re-equilibrate the culture, for example if a growth of a particular microbial cell type in the microbial cell culture is too high. In some embodiments, genetically engineered cells that produce bacteriocins are added to an existing culture to neutralize all or substantially all of the microbial cells in a culture, for example to eliminate an industrial culture in a culture environment so that a new industrial culture can be introduced to the culture environment.

For example, in some embodiments, an anti-fungal activity (such as anti-yeast activity) is desired. A number of bacteriocins with anti-fungal activity have been identified. For example, bacteriocins from Bacillus have been shown to have neutralizing activity against yeast strains (see Adetunji and Olaoye (2013) Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 9: 130-13, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), an Enterococcus faecalis peptide (WLPPAGLLGRCGRWFRPWLLWLQ SGAQY KWLGNLFGLGPK, SEQ ID NO: 1) has been shown to have neutralizing activity against Candida species (see Shekh and Roy (2012) BMC Microbiology 12: 132, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), and bacteriocins from Pseudomonas have been shown to have neutralizing activity against fungi such as Curvularia lunata, Fusarium species, Helminthosporium species, and Biopolaris species (Shalani and Srivastava (2008) The Internet Journal of Microbiology. Volume 5 Number 2. DOI: 10.5580/27dd—accessible on the worldwide web at archive.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-microbiology/volume-5-number-2/screening-for-antifungal-activity-of-pseudomonas-fluorescens-against-phytopathogenic-fungi.html#sthash.d0Ys03UO.1DKuT1US.dpuf, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). By way of example, botrycidin AJ1316 (see Zuber, P et al. (1993) Peptide Antibiotics. In Bacillus subtilis and Other Gram-Positive Bacteria: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Molecular Genetics ed Sonenshein et al., pp. 897-916, American Society for Microbiology, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and alirin B1 (see Shenin et al. (1995) Antibiot Khimioter 50: 3-7, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirity) from B. subtilis have been shown to have antifungal activities. As such, in some embodiments, for example embodiments in which neutralization of a fungal microbial organism is desired, a bacteriocin comprises at least one of botrycidin AJ1316 or alirin B1.

For example, in some embodiments, bacteriocin activity in a culture of cyanobacteria is desirable. In some embodiments, bacteriocins are provided to neutralize cyanobacteria. In some embodiments, bacteriocins are provided to neutralize invading microbial organisms typically found in a cyanobacteria culture environment. Clusters of conserved bacteriocin polypeptides have been identified in a wide variety of cyanobacteria species. For example, at least 145 putative bacteriocin gene clusters have been identified in at least 43 cyanobacteria species, as reported in Wang et al. (2011), Genome Mining Demonstrates the Widespread Occurrence of Gene Clusters Encoding Bacteriocins in Cyanobacteria. PLoS ONE 6(7): e22384, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Exemplary cyanobacteria bacteriocins are shown in Table 1.2, as SEQ ID NO's 420, 422, 424, 426, 428, 30, 432, 434, 436, 438, 440, 442, 444, 446, 448, and 450.

In some embodiments, the host cell itself is a microbial cell. In some embodiments, bacteriocins neutralize cells of a different species or strain from the host cell. In some embodiments, bacteriocins neutralize cells of the same species or strain as the host cell if these cells lack an appropriate immunity modulator. As bacteriocins can mediate neutralization of both host and non-host microbial organisms, the skilled artisan will readily appreciate that a bacteriocin is distinct from poison-antidote systems (described in more detail herein), which involve an endogenous mechanism by which a host microorganism can neutralize only itself. In other words, bacteriocins can neutralize cells other than the cell in which they are produced (for example, bacteriocins can be selected and/or engineered to act as an ecological niche protector), while poison molecules kill only the individual cell in which they are produced (for example, to act as suicidal systems).

A number of bacteriocins have been identified and characterized. Without being limited by any particular theory, exemplary bacteriocins can be classified as “class I” bacteriocins, which typically undergo post-translational modification, and “class II” bacteriocins, which are typically unmodified. Additionally, exemplary bacteriocins in each class can be categorized into various subgroups, as summarized in Table 1.1, which is adapted from Cotter, P. D. et al. “Bacteriocins—a viable alternative to antibiotics” Nature Reviews Microbiology 11: 95-105, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Without being limited by any particular theory, bacteriocins can effect neutralization of a target microbial cell in a variety of ways. For example, a bacteriocin can permeablize a cell wall, thus depolarizing the cell wall and interfering with respiration.

TABLE 1.1 Classification of Exemplary Bacteriocins Group Distinctive feature Examples Class I (typically modified) MccC7-C51-type Is covalently attached to a carboxy- MccC7-C51 bacteriocins terminal aspartic acid Lasso peptides Have a lasso structure MccJ25 Linear azole- or Possess heterocycles but not other MccB17 azoline-containing modifications peptides Lantibiotics Possess lanthionine bridges Nisin, planosporicin, mersacidin, actagardine, mutacin 1140 Linaridins Have a linear structure and contain Cypemycin dehydrated amino acids Proteusins Contain multiple hydroxylations, Polytheonamide A epimerizations and methylations Sactibiotics Contain sulphur-α-carbon linkages Subtilosin A, thuricin CD Patellamide-like Possess heterocycles and undergo Patellamide A cyanobactins macrocyclization Anacyclamide-like Cyclic peptides consisting of Anacyclamide A10 cyanobactins proteinogenic amino acids with prenyl attachments Thiopeptides Contain a central pyridine, Thiostrepton, nocathiacin dihydropyridine or piperidine ring as I, GE2270 A, philipimycin well as heterocycles Bottromycins Contain macrocyclic amidine, a Bottromycin A2 decarboxylated carboxy-terminal thiazole and carbon-methylated amino acids Glycocins Contain S-linked glycopeptides Sublancin 168 Class II (typically unmodified or cyclic) IIa peptides (pediocin Possess a conserved YGNGV motif Pediocin PA-1, enterocin PA-1-like (in which N represents any amino CRL35, carnobacteriocin bacteriocins) acid) BM1 IIb peptides Two unmodified peptides are required ABP118, lactacin F for activity IIc peptides Cyclic peptides Enterocin AS-48 IId peptides Unmodified, linear, non-pediocin-like, MccV, MccS, epidermicin single-peptide bacteriocins NI01, lactococcin A IIe peptides Contain a serine-rich carboxy-terminal MccE492, MccM region with a non-ribosomal siderophore-type modification

A number of bacteriocins can be used in accordance with embodiments herein. Exemplary bacteriocins are shown in Table 1.2. In some embodiments, at least one bacteriocin comprising a polypeptide sequence of Table 1.2 is provided. As shown in Table 1.2, some bacteriocins function as pairs of molecules. As such, it will be understood that unless explicity stated otherwise, when a functional “bacteriocin” or “providing a bacteriocin,” or the like is discussed herein, functional bacteriocin pairs are included along with bacteriocins that function individually. With reference to Table 1.2, “organisms of origin” listed in parentheses indicate alternative names and/or strain information for organisms known the produce the indicated bacteriocin.

Embodiments herein also include peptides and proteins with identity to bacteriocins described in Table 1.2. The term “identity” is meant to include nucleic acid or protein sequence homology or three-dimensional homology. Several techniques exist to determine nucleic acid or polypeptide sequence homology and/or three-dimensional homology to polypeptides. These methods are routinely employed to discover the extent of identity that one sequence, domain, or model has to a target sequence, domain, or model. A vast range of functional bacteriocins can incorporate features of bacteriocins disclosed herein, thus providing for a vast degree of identity to the bacteriocins in Table 1.2. In some embodiments, a bacteriocin has at least about 50% identity, for example, at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to any one of the polypeptides of Table 1.2. Percent identity may be determined using the BLAST software (Altschul, S. F., et al. (1990) “Basic local alignment search tool.” J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410, accessible on the world wide web at blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) with the default parameters.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a bacteriocin as described herein is provided. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is comprised within an expression vector. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide or expression vector is in a microbial cell. Exemplary polynucleotide sequences encoding the polypeptides of table 1.2 are indicated in table 1.2. SEQ ID NOs: 341 to 419 (odd SEQ ID numbers) represent exemplary polynucleotides based on the reverse translation of the respective polypeptide. The skilled artisan will readily understand that more than one polynucleotide can encode a particular polypeptide. For example, the genetic code is degenerate, and moreover, codon usage can vary based on the particular organism in which the gene product is being expressed. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a bacteriocin is selected based on the codon usage of the organism expressing the bacteriocin. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a bacteriocin is codon optimized based on the particular organism expressing the bacteriocin.

While the bacteriocins in Table 1.2 are naturally-occurring, the skilled artisan will appreciate that variants of the bacteriocins of Table 1.2, naturally-occurring bacteriocins other than the bacteriocins of Table 1.2 or variants thereof, or synthetic bacteriocins can be used according to some embodiments herein. In some embodiments, such variants have enhanced or decreased levels of cytotoxic or growth inhibition activity on the same or a different microorganism or species of microorganism relative to the wild type protein. Several motifs have been recognized as characteristic of bacteriocins. For example, the motif YGXGV (SEQ ID NO: 2), wherein X is any amino acid residue, is a N-terminal consensus sequence characteristic of class IIa bacteriocins. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a synthetic bacteriocin comprises an N-terminal sequence with at least about 50% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, for example at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, a synthetic bacteriocin comprises a N-terminal sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 2. Additionally, some class IIb bacteriocins comprise a GxxxG motif. Without being limited by any particular theory, it is believed that the GxxxG motif can mediate association between helical proteins in the cell membrane, for example to facilitate bacterioncin-mediated neutralization through cell membrane interactions. As such, in some embodiments, the bacteriocin comprises a motif that facilitates interactions with the cell membrane. In some embodiments, the bacteriocin comprises a GxxxG motif. Optionally, the bacteriocin comprising a GxxxG motif can comprise a helical structure. In addition to structures described herein, “bacteriocin” as used herein also encompasses structures that have substantially the same effect on microbial cells as any of the bacteriocins explicitly provided herein.

It has been shown that fusion polypeptides comprising two or more bacteriocins or portions thereof can have neutralizing activity against a broader range of microbial organisms than either individual bacteriocin. For example, it has been shown that a hybrid bacteriocin, Ent35-MccV (GKYYGNGVSCNKKGCSVDWGRAIGIIGNNSAANLATGGAAGWKSGGGASGRDIAM AIGTLSGQFVAGGIGAAAGGVAGGAIYDYASTHKPNPAMSPSGLGGTIKQKPEGIPSE AWNYAAGRLCNWSPNNLSDVCL, SEQ ID NO: 3), displays antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Acuñ a et al. (2012), FEBS Open Bio, 2: 12-19). It is noted that that Ent35-MccV fusion bacteriocin comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, an N-terminal glycine, Enterocin CRL35, a linker comprising three glycines, and a C-terminal Microcin V. It is contemplated herein that bacteriocins can comprise fusions of two or more polypeptides having bacteriocin activity. In some embodiments, a fusion polypeptide of two or more bacteriocins is provided. In some embodiments, the two or more bacteriocins comprise polypeptides from Table 1.2, or modifications thereof. In some embodiments, the fusion polypeptide comprising of two or more bacteriocins has a broader spectrum of activity than either individual bacteriocin, for example having neutralizing activity against more microbial organisms, neutralizing activity under a broader range of environmental conditions, and/or a higher efficiency of neutralization activity. In some embodiments, a fusion of two or more bacteriocins is provided, for example two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten bacteriocins. In some embodiments, two or more bacteriocin polypeptides are fused to each other via a covalent bond, for example a peptide linkage. In some embodiments, a linker is positioned between the two bacteriocin polypeptides. In some embodiments, the linker comprises one or glycines, for example about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 glycines. In some embodiments, the linker is cleaved within the cell to produce the individual bacteriocins included in the fusion protein. In some embodiments, a bacteriocin as provided herein is modified to provide a desired spectrum of activity relative to the unmodified bacteriocin. For example, the modified bacteriocin may have enhanced or decreased activity against the same organisms as the unmodified bacteriocin. Alternatively, the modified bacteriocin may have enhanced activity against an organism against which the unmodified bacteriocin has less activity or no activity.

TABLE 1.2 Exemplary Bacteriocins Poly- nucleotide Poly- SEQ peptide Polypeptide Organism of ID Polynucleotide SEQ ID NO: Name Class Sequence origin NO: Sequence 4 Acidocin Unclassified MISSHQKTL Lactobacillus 5 ATGATTTCATC 8912 TDKELALISG acidophilus TCATCAAAAA GKTHYPTNA ACGTTAACTG WKSLWKGF ATAAAGAATT WESLRYTDGF AGCATTAATTT CTGGGGGGAA AACGCACTAC CCGACTAATG CATGGAAAAG TCTTTGGAAA GGTTTCTGGG AAAGCCTTCG TTATACTGAC GGTTTTTAG 6 Acidocin A class MISMISSHQ Lactobacillus 7 ATGATTTCAAT IIA/YG KTLTDKELA acidophilus GATTTCATCTC NGV LISGGKTYY ATCAAAAAAC GTNGVHCTK GTTAACTGAT KSLWGKVRL AAAGAATTAG KNVIPGTLC CATTAATTTCT RKQSLPIKQ GGGGGGAAAA DLKILLGWA CGTACTATGG TGAFGKTFH TACTAATGGT GTGCATTGTA CTAAAAAGAG TCTTTGGGGT AAAGTACGCT TAAAAAACGT GATTCCTGGA ACTCTTTGTCG TAAGCAATCG TTGCCGATCA AACAGGATTT AAAAATTTTA CTGGGCTGGG CTACAGGTGC TTTTGGCAAG ACATTTCATTAA 8 Acidocin Unclassified MDKKTKILF Lactobacillus 9 ATGGATAAGA B (AcdB) EVLYIICIIGP acidophilus AAACAAAAAT QFILFVTAKN ATTATTTGAA NMYQLVGSF GTATTATACAT VGIVWFSYIF CATCTGTATA WYIFFKQHK ATAGGCCCTC KM AATTTATATTA TTTGTGACTGC AAAAAACAAT ATGTATCAGT TGGTGGGTTC GTTTGTTGGA ATAGTATGGT TTTCGTATATT TTTTGGTATAT TTTTTTCAAAC AACATAAAAA AATGTAG 10 Acidocin Unclassified MALKTLEKH Lactobacillus 11 ATGGCTTTAA LF221B ELRNVMGG gasseri AAACATTAGA (Gassericin NKWGNAVI AAAACATGAA K7 B) GAATGATRG TTAAGAAATG VSWCRGFGP TAATGGGTGG WGMTACAL AAACAAGTGG GGAAIGGYL GGGAATGCTG GYKSN TAATAGGAGC TGCTACGGGA GCTACTCGCG GAGTAAGTTG GTGCAGAGGA TTCGGACCAT GGGGAATGAC TGCCTGTGCG TTAGGAGGTG CTGCAATTGG AGGATATCTG GGATATAAGA GTAATTAA 12 Aureocin Unclassified MSWLNFLK Staphylococcus 13 ATGAGTTGGT A53 YIAKYGKKA aureus TAAATTTTTTA VSAAWKYK AAATACATCG GKVLEWLN CTAAATATGG VGPTLEWV CAAAAAAGCG WQKLKKIAGL GTATCTGCTG CTTGGAAGTA CAAAGGTAAA GTATTAGAAT GGCTTAATGT TGGTCCTACTC TTGAATGGGT ATGGCAAAAA TTAAAGAAAA TTGCTGGATT ATAA 14 Avicin A class MTRSKKLNL Enterococcus 15 ATGACAAGAT IIA/YG REMKNVVG avium CAAAAAAATT NGV GTYYGNGVS (Streptococcus AAATTTACGC CNKKGCSVD avium) GAAATGAAGA WGKAISIIGN ATGTTGTTGG NSAANLATG TGGTACCTAC GAAGWKS TATGGAAATG GTGTATCTTGT AACAAGAAAG GCTGTTCAGTT GACTGGGGCA AAGCCATCAG TATTATAGGA AATAATTCCG CAGCAAACTT AGCAACTGGT GGTGCTGCTG GTTGGAAGTC ATAA 16 Bacteriocin Unclassified MKKKLVICG Enterococcus 17 ATGAAAAAGA 31 IIGIGFTALG faecalis AATTAGTTATT TNVEAATYY (Streptococcus TGTGGCATTA GNGLYCNK faecalis) TTGGGATTGG QKCWVDWN TTTTACAGCAT KASREIGKII TAGGAACAAA VNGWVQHG TGTAGAAGCT PWAPR GCTACGTATT ACGGAAATGG TTTATATTGTA ATAAGCAAAA ATGTTGGGTA GACTGGAATA AAGCTTCAAG GGAAATTGGA AAAATTATTG TTAATGGTTG GGTACAACAT GGCCCTTGGG CTCCTAGATAG 18 Bacteriocin Unclassified MKEQNSFNL Lactococcus 19 ATGAAAGAAC J46 LQEVTESEL lactis AAAACTCTTTT DLILGAKGG AATCTTCTTCA SGVIHTISHE AGAAGTGACA VIYNSWNFV GAAAGTGAAT FTCCS TGGACCTTATT TTAGGTGCAA AAGGCGGCAG TGGAGTTATT CATACAATTTC TCATGAAGTA ATATATAATA GCTGGAACTT TGTATTTACTT GCTGCTCTTAA 20 Bacteriocin class IIa MKKKVLKH Enterococcus 21 ATGAAAAAGA T8 CVILGILGTC faecium AAGTATTAAA LAGIGTGIKV (Streptococcus ACATTGTGTT DAATYYGN faecium) ATTCTAGGAA GLYCNKEKC TATTAGGAAC WVDWNQAK TTGTCTAGCTG GEIGKIIVNG GCATCGGTAC WVNHGPWA AGGAATAAAA PRR GTTGATGCAG CTACTTACTAT GGAAATGGTC TTTATTGTAAC AAAGAAAAAT GTTGGGTAGA TTGGAATCAA GCTAAAGGAG AAATTGGAAA AATTATTGTTA ATGGTTGGGT TAATCATGGT CCATGGGCAC CTAGAAGGTAG 22 Boticin B Unclassified MQKPEIISAD Clostridium 23 ATGCAAAAAC LGLCAVNEF botulinum CAGAAATTAT VALAAIPGG TAGTGCTGAT AATFAVCQ TTAGGGCTTT MPNLDEIVS GTGCAGTTAA NAAYV TGAATTTGTA GCTCTTGCTGC CATTCCTGGT GGTGCTGCTA CATTTGCAGT ATGCCAAATG CCAAACTTGG ATGAGATTGT TAGTAATGCA GCATATGTTT AA 24 Bovicin Lantibiotic MMNATENQI Streptococcus 25 ATGATGAATG HJ50 FVETVSDQE equinus CTACTGAAAA LEMLIGGAD (Streptococcus CCAAATTTTTG RGWIKTLTK bovis) TTGAGACTGT DCPNVISSIC GAGTGACCAA AGTIITACKN GAATTAGAAA CA TGTTAATTGGT GGTGCAGATC GTGGATGGAT TAAGACTTTA ACAAAAGATT GTCCAAATGT AATTTCTTCAA TTTGTGCAGG TACAATTATTA CAGCTTGTAA AAATTGTGCT TAA 26 Brochocin-c Unclassified MHKVKKLN Brochothrix 27 ATGCACAAGG NQELQQIVG campestris TAAAAAAATT GYSSKDCLK AAACAATCAA DIGKGIGAG GAGTTACAAC TVAGAAGG AGATCGTGGG GLAAGLGAI AGGTTACAGT PGAFVGAHF TCAAAAGATT GVIGGSAACI GTCTAAAAGA GGLLGN TATTGGTAAA GGAATTGGTG CTGGTACAGT AGCTGGGGCA GCCGGCGGTG GCCTAGCTGC AGGATTAGGT GCTATCCCAG GAGCATTCGT TGGAGCACAT TTTGGAGTAA TCGGCGGATC TGCCGCATGC ATTGGTGGAT TATTAGGTAA CTAG 28 Butyrivibriocin Unclassified MSKKQIMSN Butyrivibrio 29 ATGAGTAAAA AR10 CISIALLIALI fibrisolvens AACAAATTAT PNIYFIADKM GAGTAACTGT GIQLAPAWY ATATCAATTG QDIVNWVSA CATTATTAATA GGTLTTGFAI GCACTAATTC IVGVTVPAW CTAATATCTAT IAEAAAAFGI TTTATTGCAG ASA ATAAAATGGG AATTCAGTTA GCACCTGCTT GGTATCAAGA TATTGTGAATT GGGTATCTGC TGGTGGAACA CTTACTACTG GTTTTGCGATT ATTGTAGGAG TTACAGTACC GGCATGGATA GCAGAAGCAG CTGCAGCTTTT GGTATAGCTT CAGCATGA 30 Butyrivibriocin Lantibiotic MNKELNALT Butyrivibrio 31 ATGAACAAAG OR79 NPIDEKELEQ fibrisolvens AACTTAATGC ILGGGNGVI ACTTACAAAT KTISHECHM CCTATTGACG NTWQFIFTC AGAAGGAGCT CS TGAGCAGATC CTCGGTGGTG GCAATGGTGT CATCAAGACA ATCAGCCACG AGTGCCACAT GAACACATGG CAGTTCATTTT CACATGTTGC TCTTAA 32 Carnobacteriocin class MNSVKELN Carnobacterium 33 ATGAATAGCG B2 IIA/YG VKEMKQLH maltaromaticum TAAAAGAATT (Carnocin NGV GGVNYGNG (Carnobacterium AAACGTGAAA CP52) VSCSKTKCS piscicola) GAAATGAAAC VNWGQAFQ AATTACACGG ERYTAGINSF TGGAGTAAAT VSGVASGAG TATGGTAATG SIGRRP GTGTTTCTTGC AGTAAAACAA AATGTTCAGT TAACTGGGGA CAAGCCTTTC AAGAAAGATA CACAGCTGGA ATTAACTCATT TGTAAGTGGA GTCGCTTCTG GGGCAGGATC CATTGGTAGG AGACCGTAA 34 Carnobacteriocin class MKSVKELNK Carnobacterium 35 ATGAAAAGCG BM1 IIA/YG KEMQQINGG maltaromaticum TTAAAGAACT (Carnobacteriocin NGV AISYGNGVY (Carnobacterium AAATAAAAAA B1) CNKEKCWV piscicola) GAAATGCAAC NKAENKQAI AAATTAATGG TGIVIGGWA TGGAGCTATC SSLAGMGH TCTTATGGCA ATGGTGTTTAT TGTAACAAAG AGAAATGTTG GGTAAACAAG GCAGAAAACA AACAAGCTAT TACTGGAATA GTTATCGGTG GATGGGCTTC TAGTTTAGCA GGAATGGGAC ATTAA 36 Carnobacteriocin-A class IIc, MNNVKELSI Carnobacterium 37 ATGAATAATG (Piscicolin- non KEMQQVTG maltaromaticum TAAAAGAGTT 61) subgrouped GDQMSDGV (Carnobacterium AAGTATTAAA bacteriocins NYGKGSSLS piscicola) GAAATGCAAC (problematic) KGGAKCGL AAGTTACTGG GIVGGLATIP TGGAGACCAA SGPLGWLAG ATGTCAGATG AAGVINSCMK GTGTAAATTA TGGAAAAGGC TCTAGCTTATC AAAAGGTGGT GCCAAATGTG GTTTAGGGAT CGTCGGCGGA TTAGCTACTAT CCCTTCAGGT CCTTTAGGCT GGTTAGCCGG AGCAGCAGGT GTAATTAATA GCTGTATGAA ATAA 38 Carnocyclin-A Unclassified MLYELVAY Carnobacterium 39 ATGTTATATG GIAQGTAEK maltaromaticum AATTAGTTGC VVSLINAGL (Carnobacterium ATATGGTATC TVGSIISILG piscicola) GCACAAGGTA GVTVGLSGV CAGCTGAAAA FTAVKAAIA GGTTGTAAGT KQGIKKAIQL CTAATTAACG CAGGTTTAAC AGTAGGGTCT ATTATTTCAAT TTTGGGTGGG GTCACAGTCG GTTTATCAGG TGTCTTCACA GCAGTTAAAG CAGCAATTGC TAAACAAGGA ATAAAAAAAG CAATTCAATT ATAA 40 Carocin D Unclassified MIKYRLYAP Pectobacterium 41 ATGATTAAAT NDGDTMTV carotovorum ACCGTTTATAT SGGGGWVS subsp. GCTCCAAATG NDDRKGGN carotovorum ATGGAGACAC DRDNGKGG (Erwinia CATGACAGTG SAVDFSKNP carotovora AGTGGTGGTG EKQAIVNPY subsp. GTGGTTGGGT LAIAIPMPVY carotovora) TTCAAACGAT PLYGKLGFTI GATCGCAAAG NTTAIETELA GTGGTAATGA NVRAAINTK CAGGGACAAT LATLSAVIGR GGCAAAGGTG SLPVVGRVF GTTCTGCCGTT GVTAAGMW GATTTTAGTA PSSTAPSSLD AAAATCCAGA SIYNQAHQQ AAAGCAGGCT ALAQLAAQQ ATCGTTAATCC GVLNKGYN CTATTTGGCA VTAMPAGFV ATCGCGATAC SSLPVSEIKS CGATGCCGGT LPTAPASLLA CTACCCTCTTT QSVINTELSQ ATGGAAAGCT RQLALTQPT AGGGTTCACA TNAPVANIP ATAAATACGA VVKAEKTA CGGCAATTGA MPGVYSAKI GACTGAACTC IAGEPAFQIK GCAAATGTCA VDNTKPALA GAGCAGCAAT QNPPKVKDD TAACACTAAA IQVSSFLSSP CTTGCAACAC VADTHHAFI TCAGTGCAGT DFGSDHEPV GATTGGCAGA YVSLSKIVT TCACTTCCGGT AEEEKKQVE CGTTGGGCGG EAKRREQEW GTATTTGGTG LLRHPITAAE TTACTGCCGC RKLTEIRQVI CGGAATGTGG SFAQQLKES CCTTCTAGTAC SVATISEKTK CGCTCCCAGT TVAVYQEQ AGTCTCGATT VNTAAKNR CTATATACAA DNFYNQNR TCAAGCACAT GLLSAGITG CAGCAGGCTT GPGYPIYLA TAGCCCAGTT LWQTMNNF AGCTGCTCAA HQAYFRANN CAGGGAGTAT ALEQESHVL TAAATAAAGG NLARSDLAK GTATAACGTT AEQLLAENN ACAGCAATGC RLQVETERT CTGCAGGTTT LAEEKEIKR CGTCAGCAGT NRVNVSTFG TTGCCTGTTAG TVQTQLSKL TGAAATCAAA LSDFYAVTS TCATTGCCAA LSQSVPSGA CAGCTCCCGC LASFSYNPQ CAGTTTACTG GMIGSGKIV GCACAAAGTG GKDVDVLFS TGATTAATAC IPVKDIPGYK CGAACTTTCCC SPINLDDLAK AGCGTCAACT KNGSLDLPIR GGCTCTTACTC LAFSDENGE AGCCCACGAC RVLRAFKAD GAATGCACCA SLRIPSSVRG GTCGCGAATA VAGSYDKNT TTCCCGTAGTT GIFSAEIDGV AAAGCAGAGA SSRLVLENP AAACAGCAAT AFPPTGNVG GCCAGGTGTG NTGNTAPDY TATTCAGCGA KALLNTGVD AAATTATTGCT VKPVDKITV GGTGAGCCTG TVTPVADPV CATTCCAAAT DIDDYIIWLP CAAGGTCGAT TASGSGVEPI AATACCAAAC YVVFNSNPY CTGCTTTGGC GGTEKGKYS ACAGAATCCG KRYYNPDKA CCGAAAGTAA GGPILELDW AAGATGATAT KNVKIDHAG TCAGGTATCTT VDNVKLHT CTTTCCTTTCC GRFKASVEN TCGCCAGTAG KVMIERLENI CTGATACGCA LNGQITATD CCATGCATTTA TDKRFYTHE TTGATTTTGGC LRELNRYRN AGCGATCATG LGIKDGEVP AACCGGTATA SSIQEESAV CGTGTCTCTTT WNDTHTAT CAAAGATCGT LEDYKINEK GACAGCCGAG EQPLYTDAA GAGGAGAAAA LQAAYEQEL AACAGGTTGA KDALGGKHG AGAGGCCAAG CGCCGTGAGC AGGAGTGGTT GTTGCGTCAT CCAATTACAG CTGCGGAGCG AAAATTAACT GAAATCCGCC AAGTGATCTC TTTTGCTCAAC AGCTAAAAGA AAGCTCTGTC GCAACCATTT CAGAAAAAAC TAAAACTGTT GCGGTTTACC AAGAACAGGT GAATACCGCT GCAAAAAATC GCGACAATTT TTATAATCAA AATAGAGGTC TGTTAAGTGC GGGTATAACT GGGGGACCGG GATATCCTATT TATCTTGCTTT ATGGCAAACG ATGAATAACT TTCATCAGGC TTATTTCAGA GCAAATAATG CATTGGAACA AGAGAGTCAT GTTCTGAACC TGGCTCGTTCT GATCTGGCTA AGGCTGAGCA ATTGCTTGCTG AGAATAATCG ACTTCAGGTT GAAACGGAGC GAACGCTTGC CGAAGAAAAA GAGATAAAAC GCAACAGGGT TAATGTATCA ACATTTGGCA CAGTGCAAAC TCAACTTAGT AAATTGCTGT CAGATTTTTAT GCTGTTACAT CACTTTCCCAA AGTGTTCCTTC GGGGGCATTA GCCTCTTTTTC ATATAATCCA CAAGGGATGA TTGGCAGCGG TAAGATTGTT GGGAAGGATG TCGATGTTTTA TTTTCCATCCC AGTAAAAGAT ATTCCGGGAT ATAAATCTCCT ATTAACTTGG ACGATTTAGC CAAGAAAAAT GGAAGTCTGG ATCTTCCCATT CGTCTGGCAT TTTCTGATGA GAATGGAGAA AGGGTTCTTC GGGCATTCAA AGCGGATAGT CTGCGAATCC CTTCGAGTGT CAGAGGTGTA GCGGGCAGTT ATGACAAAAA TACGGGTATT TTTAGTGCAG AAATTGATGG TGTTTCATCTC GCCTTGTACT GGAAAACCCA GCGTTTCCTCC GACCGGAAAT GTCGGTAATA CGGGTAATAC TGCACCTGAC TATAAAGCAT TACTGAATAC TGGTGTTGAT GTTAAACCTG TTGATAAAAT CACAGTTACG GTAACACCAG TTGCTGATCC AGTGGATATT GATGACTATA TAATCTGGTT GCCAACTGCG TCTGGTTCTG GCGTGGAACC CATTTATGTCG TGTTTAACAG TAATCCGTAT GGTGGGACGG AAAAAGGAAA ATATAGCAAA CGTTATTATAA TCCAGATAAG GCAGGCGGTC CGATCTTGGA GCTGGATTGG AAAAACGTTA AGATTGACCA TGCAGGTGTG GACAATGTTA AATTACACAC AGGGCGTTTC AAAGCGTCGG TTGAAAACAA AGTGATGATT GAACGTTTGG AAAACATACT GAATGGTCAA ATCACGGCCA CGGATACTGA CAAGCGATTC TATACGCATG AATTAAGAGA GTTAAACCGC TACAGAAATT TAGGCATCAA AGACGGTGAA GTGCCTAGTA GCATTCAAGA AGAAAGCGCT GTTTGGAACG ACACACACAC AGCGACGCTT GAAGACTACA AAATTAATGA GAAAGAGCAA CCGTTGTACA CTGATGCTGC TTTGCAGGCA GCCTACGAAC AGGAACTCAA AGACGCATTA GGAGGGAAAC ATGGCTAA 42 Cerein 7B Unclassified MENLQMLT Bacillus 43 ATGGAAAACT EEELMEIEG cereus TACAAATGTT GGWWNSWG AACTGAAGAA KCVAGTIGG GAATTAATGG AGTGGLGGA AAATTGAAGG AAGSAVPVI TGGAGGCTGG GTGIGGAIG TGGAATAGCT GVSGGLTGA GGGGTAAATG ATFC TGTTGCTGGA ACTATCGGTG GAGCTGGAAC TGGTGGTTTA GGTGGAGCTG CTGCAGGTTC AGCTGTTCCG GTTATTGGTA CTGGTATTGG TGGCGCTATT GGTGGAGTTA GCGGTGGCCT TACAGGTGCA GCTACTTTTTG CTAA 44 Cinnamycin Lantibiotic MTASILQQS Streptoverticillium 45 ATGACCGCTT (Lanthiopeptin) VVDADFRAA griseoverticillatum CCATTCTTCAG LLENPAAFG CAGTCCGTCG ASAAALPTP TGGACGCCGA VEAQDQASL CTTCCGCGCG DFWTKDIAA GCGCTGCTTG TEAFACRQS AGAACCCCGC CSFGPFTFVC CGCCTTCGGC DGNTK GCTTCCGCCG CGGCCCTGCC CACGCCCGTC GAGGCCCAGG ACCAGGCGTC CCTTGACTTCT GGACCAAGGA CATCGCCGCC ACGGAAGCCT TCGCCTGCCG CCAGAGCTGC AGCTTCGGCC CGTTCACCTTC GTGTGCGACG GCAACACCAA GTAA 46 Circularin A Unclassified MSLLALVAG Geobacillus 47 ATGAGTTTGC TLGVSQSIAT kaustophilus TGGCGCTTGT TVVSIVLTGS (strain TGCCGGGACG TLISIILGITAI HTA426) CTCGGCGTGT LSGGVDAIL CACAGTCAAT EIGWSAFVA CGCGACGACG TVKKIVAER GTTGTTTCGAT GKAAAIAW TGTGTTGACC GGCTCCACTC TCATTTCTATT ATTCTTGGGA TCACCGCTATT TTGTCAGGTG GAGTCGACGC CATTTTGGAA ATTGGGTGGT CAGCTTTTGTC GCGACGGTGA AAAAAATAGT GGCGGAACGA GGAAAAGCGG CAGCGATTGC ATGGTAA 48 Closticin Unclassified MRKVFLRSII Clostridium 49 TTGAGAAAAG 574 STLVMCAFV tyrobutyricum TATTTTTAAGA SSSFSVNAD TCAATAATTTC ESKPNDEKII AACATTAGTT NNIENVTTT ATGTGTGCAT KDIVKSNKN TTGTTTCAAGC NIVYLDEGV AGCTTTTCAGT MSIPLSGRKP AAATGCGGAT IAIKDDNNK GAAAGCAAAC EDLTVTLPIK CAAATGATGA NTGDISKISS AAAAATAATT NGTILYKNN AATAACATAG SSNSSNIALQ AAAACGTTAC PKNDGFKAL TACTACTAAA ININDKLAN GATATTGTAA KEYEFTFNL AAAGTAATAA PKNSKLISAA AAATAATATT TYLGKEYDT GTATATTTAG KEVFVVDKN ATGAAGGTGT NIITSIISPAW AATGAGTATT AKDANGHN CCATTGTCTG VSTYYKIVS GGAGAAAACC NNKLVQVV CATTGCTATTA EFTENTAFP AAGATGATAA VVADPNWT TAATAAAGAA KIGKCAGSIA GATTTAACTG WAIGSGLFG TTACATTACCT GAKLIKIKKY ATTAAGAATA IAELGGLQK CTGGAGATAT AAKLLVGAT ATCTAAAATT TWEEKLHAG AGTAGTAATG GYALINLAA GTACTATTCTG ELTGVAGIQ TATAAAAATA ANCF ATAGTAGTAA TTCATCTAATA TAGCTTTACA ACCTAAAAAT GATGGATTTA AGGCTTTAAT AAATATTAAT GATAAGTTAG CTAATAAAGA ATATGAATTT ACATTTAATTT ACCCAAAAAC AGTAAATTAA TTAGTGCTGC CACATATTTG GGTAAAGAAT ATGATACAAA AGAAGTATTT GTAGTAGACA AAAATAATAT AATTACGAGT ATTATTAGTCC AGCTTGGGCT AAAGATGCAA ATGGACATAA TGTTTCTACTT ATTATAAGAT AGTATCGAAT AATAAATTAG TACAAGTTGT TGAATTCACA GAAAATACTG CATTCCCGGT GGTAGCTGAT CCTAATTGGA CTAAAATTGG GAAATGCGCT GGGTCAATAG CATGGGCTAT AGGTTCTGGC CTTTTTGGTGG AGCAAAGCTA ATTAAAATAA AAAAATATAT AGCAGAGCTT GGAGGACTTC AAAAAGCAGC TAAATTATTA GTTGGTGCAA CCACTTGGGA AGAAAAATTA CACGCAGGCG GTTATGCATT AATTAACTTA GCTGCTGAGC TAACAGGTGT AGCAGGTATA CAAGCAAATT GTTTTTAA 50 Coagulin A Unclassified MKKIEKLTE Bacillus 51 ATGAAAAAAA KEMANIIGG coagulans TTGAAAAATT KYYGNGVT AACTGAAAAA CGKHSCSVD GAAATGGCCA WGKATTCII ATATCATTGG NNGAMAWA TGGTAAATAC TGGHQGTH TACGGTAATG KC GGGTTACTTG TGGCAAACAT TCCTGCTCTGT TGACTGGGGT AAGGCTACCA CCTGCATAAT CAATAATGGA GCTATGGCAT GGGCTACTGG TGGACATCAA GGTACTCATA AATGCTAG 52 Colicin-10 Unclassified MDKVTDNSP Escherichia 53 ATGGATAAAG DVESTESTE coli TCACTGATAA GSFPTVGVD TTCTCCAGAT TGDTITATL GTGGAGAGCA ATGTENVGG CAGAATCTAC GGGAFGGAS TGAGGGGTCA ESSAAIHATA TTCCCAACTGT KWSTAQLKK TGGGGTTGAT HQAEQAAR ACTGGCGATA AAAAEAALA CGATTACAGC KAKSQRDAL GACGCTTGCA TQRLKDIVN ACTGGAACTG DALRANAAR AAAATGTTGG SPSVTDLAH TGGAGGCGGT ANNMAMQA GGAGCATTTG EAERLRLAK GTGGGGCCAG AEQKAREEA TGAAAGTTCT EAAEKALRE GCTGCGATAC AERQRDEIA ATGCAACCGC RQQAETAHL TAAATGGTCT LAMAEAAEA ACCGCGCAGT EKNRQDSLD TGAAAAAACA EEHRAVEVA TCAGGCTGAA EKKLAEAKA CAGGCTGCCC ELAKAESDV GTGCTGCTGC QSKQAIVSR GGCTGAGGCA VAGELENAQ GCATTGGCAA KSVDVKVTG AAGCGAAATC FPGWRDVQ TCAGCGTGAT KKLERQLQD GCCCTGACTC KKNEYSSVT AACGTCTCAA NALNSAVSI GGATATTGTT RDAKKTEVQ AATGACGCTT NAEIKLKEA TACGTGCTAA KDALEKSQV TGCCGCTCGT KDSVDTMV AGTCCATCAG GFYQYITEQ TAACTGACCTT YGEKYSRIA GCTCATGCCA QDLAEKAKG ATAATATGGC SKFNSVDEA AATGCAGGCA LAAFEKYKN GAGGCTGAGC VLDKKFSKV GTTTGCGCCTT DRDDIFNAL GCGAAGGCAG ESITYDEWA AGCAAAAAGC KHLEKISRAL CCGTGAAGAA KVTGYLSFG GCTGAAGCAG YDVWDGTL CAGAAAAAGC KGLKTGDW GCTCCGGGAA KPLFVTLEKS GCAGAACGCC AVDFGVAKI AACGTGATGA VALMFSFIV GATTGCCCGC GAPLGFWGI CAACAGGCTG AIITGIVSSYI AAACCGCGCA GDDELNKLN TTTGTTAGCA ELLGI ATGGCGGAGG CAGCAGAGGC TGAGAAAAAT CGACAGGATT CTCTTGATGA AGAGCATCGG GCTGTGGAAG TGGCAGAGAA GAAGCTGGCT GAGGCTAAAG CTGAACTGGC GAAGGCCGAA AGCGATGTAC AGAGTAAGCA AGCGATTGTT TCCAGAGTTG CAGGGGAGCT TGAAAACGCT CAAAAAAGTG TTGATGTGAA GGTTACCGGA TTTCCTGGATG GCGTGATGTT CAGAAAAAAC TGGAGAGACA ATTGCAGGAT AAGAAGAATG AATATTCGTC AGTGACGAAT GCTCTTAATTC TGCTGTTAGC ATTAGAGATG CTAAAAAAAC AGAAGTTCAG AATGCTGAGA TAAAATTAAA AGAAGCTAAG GATGCTCTTG AGAAGAGTCA GGTAAAAGAC TCTGTTGATAC TATGGTTGGG TTTTATCAATA TATAACCGAA CAATATGGGG AAAAATATTC CAGAATAGCT CAGGATTTAG CTGAAAAGGC GAAGGGTAGT AAATTTAATA GTGTTGATGA AGCACTTGCT GCATTTGAAA AGTATAAAAA TGTACTGGAT AAGAAATTCA GTAAGGTTGA TAGGGATGAT ATTTTTAATGC TTTAGAGTCT ATTACTTATGA TGAGTGGGCC AAGCATCTAG AAAAGATCTC TAGGGCTCTT AAGGTTACTG GATATTTGTCT TTCGGGTATG ATGTATGGGA TGGTACCCTA AAGGGATTAA AAACAGGAGA CTGGAAGCCT TTATTTGTCAC TCTGGAGAAG AGCGCGGTAG ATTTCGGCGT GGCAAAAATT GTGGCATTAA TGTTTAGTTTT ATTGTTGGTG CGCCTCTTGG CTTCTGGGGA ATTGCAATTAT CACAGGTATT GTTTCTTCTTA CATAGGGGAT GATGAGTTGA ACAAGCTTAA TGAATTACTA GGTATTTAA 54 Colicin- Unclassified METAVAYY Escherichia 55 ATGGAAACCG E1 KDGVPYDD coli CGGTAGCGTA KGQVIITLLN CTATAAAGAT GTPDGSGSG GGTGTTCCTTA GGGGKGGS TGATGATAAG KSESSAAIHA GGACAGGTAA TAKWSTAQL TTATTACTCTT KKTQAEQAA TTGAATGGTA RAKAAAEAQ CTCCTGACGG AKAKANRD GAGTGGCTCT ALTQRLKDI GGCGGCGGAG VNEALRHNA GTGGAAAAGG SRTPSATELA AGGCAGTAAA HANNAAMQ AGTGAAAGTT AEDERLRLA CTGCAGCTAT KAEEKARKE TCATGCAACT AEAAEKAFQ GCTAAATGGT EAEQRRKEI CTACTGCTCA EREKAETER ATTAAAGAAA QLKLAEAEE ACACAGGCAG KRLAALSEE AGCAGGCTGC AKAVEIAQK CCGGGCAAAA KLSAAQSEV GCTGCAGCGG VKMDGEIKT AAGCACAGGC LNSRLSSSIH GAAAGCAAAG ARDAEMKTL GCAAACAGGG AGKRNELAQ ATGCGCTGAC ASAKYKELD TCAGCGCCTG ELVKKLSPR AAGGATATCG ANDPLQNRP TGAATGAGGC FFEATRRRV TCTTCGTCACA GAGKIREEK ATGCCTCACG QKQVTASET TACGCCTTCA RINRINADIT GCAACAGAGC QIQKAISQVS TTGCTCATGCT NNRNAGIAR AATAATGCAG VHEAEENLK CTATGCAGGC KAQNNLLNS GGAAGACGAG QIKDAVDAT CGTTTGCGCCT VSFYQTLTE TGCGAAAGCA KYGEKYSK GAAGAAAAAG MAQELADKS CCCGTAAAGA KGKKIGNVN AGCGGAAGCA EALAAFEKY GCAGAAAAGG KDVLNKKFS CTTTTCAGGA KADRDAIFN AGCAGAACAA ALASVKYDD CGACGTAAAG WAKHLDQF AGATTGAACG AKYLKITGH GGAGAAGGCT VSFGYDVVS GAAACAGAAC DILKIKDTGD GCCAGTTGAA WKPLFLTLE ACTGGCTGAA KKAADAGVS GCTGAAGAGA YVVALLFSL AACGACTGGC LAGTTLGIW TGCATTGAGT GIAIVTGILC GAAGAAGCTA SYIDKNKLN AAGCTGTTGA TINEVLGI GATCGCCCAA AAAAAACTTT CTGCTGCACA ATCTGAAGTG GTGAAAATGG ATGGAGAGAT TAAGACTCTC AATTCTCGTTT AAGCTCCAGT ATCCATGCCC GTGATGCAGA AATGAAAACG CTCGCTGGAA AACGAAATGA ACTGGCTCAG GCATCCGCTA AATATAAAGA ACTGGATGAG CTGGTCAAAA AACTATCACC AAGAGCCAAT GATCCGCTTC AGAACCGTCC TTTTTTTGAAG CAACCAGACG ACGGGTTGGG GCCGGTAAGA TTAGAGAAGA AAAACAAAAA CAGGTAACAG CATCAGAAAC ACGTATTAAC CGGATAAATG CTGATATAAC TCAGATCCAG AAGGCTATTT CTCAGGTCAG TAATAATCGT AATGCCGGTA TCGCTCGTGTT CATGAAGCTG AAGAAAATTT GAAAAAAGCA CAGAATAATC TCCTTAATTCA CAGATTAAGG ATGCTGTTGA TGCAACAGTT AGCTTTTATCA AACGCTGACT GAAAAATATG GTGAAAAATA TTCGAAAATG GCACAGGAAC TTGCTGATAA GTCTAAAGGT AAGAAAATCG GCAATGTGAA TGAAGCTCTC GCTGCTTTTGA AAAATACAAG GATGTTTTAA ATAAGAAATT CAGCAAAGCC GATCGTGATG CTATTTTTAAT GCGTTGGCAT CGGTGAAGTA TGATGACTGG GCTAAACATT TAGATCAGTT TGCCAAGTAC TTGAAGATTA CGGGGCATGT TTCTTTTGGAT ATGATGTGGT ATCTGATATCC TAAAAATTAA GGATACAGGT GACTGGAAGC CACTATTTCTT ACATTAGAGA AGAAAGCTGC AGATGCAGGG GTGAGTTATG TTGTTGCTTTA CTTTTTAGCTT GCTTGCTGGA ACTACATTAG GTATTTGGGG TATTGCTATTG TTACAGGAAT TCTATGCTCCT ATATTGATAA GAATAAACTT AATACTATAA ATGAGGTGTT AGGGATTTAA 56 Colicin-Ia Unclassified MSDPVRITN Escherichia 57 ATGTCTGACC PGAESLGYD coli CTGTACGTATT SDGHEIMAV ACAAATCCCG DIYVNPPRV GTGCAGAATC DVFHGTPPA GCTGGGGTAT WSSFGNKTI GATTCAGATG WGGNEWVD GCCATGAAAT DSPTRSDIEK TATGGCCGTT RDKEITAYK GATATTTATGT NTLSAQQKE AAACCCTCCA NENKRTEAG CGTGTCGATG KRLSAAIAA TCTTTCATGGT REKDENTLK ACCCCGCCTG TLRAGNADA CATGGAGTTC ADITRQEFRL CTTCGGGAAC LQAELREYG AAAACCATCT FRTEIAGYD GGGGCGGAAA ALRLHTESR CGAGTGGGTT MLFADADSL GATGATTCCC RISPREARSL CAACCCGAAG IEQAEKRQK TGATATCGAA DAQNADKK AAAAGGGACA AADMLAEY AGGAAATCAC ERRKGILDT AGCGTACAAA RLSELEKNG AACACGCTCA GAALAVLDA GCGCGCAGCA QQARLLGQQ GAAAGAGAAT TRNDRAISE GAGAATAAGC ARNKLSSVT GTACTGAAGC ESLNTARNA CGGAAAACGC LTRAEQQLT CTCTCTGCGG QQKNTPDGK CGATTGCTGC TIVSPEKFPG AAGGGAAAAA RSSTNHSIVV GATGAAAACA SGDPRFAGTI CACTGAAAAC KITTSAVIDN ACTCCGTGCC RANLNYLLS GGAAACGCAG HSGLDYKRN ATGCCGCTGA ILNDRNPVV TATTACACGA TEDVEGDKK CAGGAGTTCA IYNAEVAEW GACTCCTGCA DKLRQRLLD GGCAGAGCTG ARNKITSAES AGAGAATACG AVNSARNNL GATTCCGTAC SARTNEQKH TGAAATCGCC ANDALNALL GGATATGACG KEKENIRNQ CCCTCCGGCT LSGINQKIAE GCATACAGAG EKRKQDELK AGCCGGATGC ATKDAINFT TGTTTGCTGAT TEFLKSVSE GCTGATTCTCT KYGAKAEQL TCGTATATCTC AREMAGQA CCCGGGAGGC KGKKIRNVE CAGGTCGTTA EALKTYEKY ATCGAACAGG RADINKKIN CTGAAAAACG AKDRAAIAA GCAGAAGGAT ALESVKLSDI GCGCAGAACG SSNLNRFSR CAGACAAGAA GLGYAGKFT GGCCGCTGAT SLADWITEF ATGCTTGCTG GKAVRTEN AATACGAGCG WRPLFVKTE CAGAAAAGGT TIIAGNAATA ATTCTGGACA LVALVFSILT CCCGGTTGTC GSALGIIGYG AGAGCTGGAA LLMAVTGAL AAAAATGGCG IDESLVEKA GGGCAGCCCT NKFWGI TGCCGTTCTTG ATGCACAACA GGCCCGTCTG CTCGGGCAGC AGACACGGAA TGACAGGGCC ATTTCAGAGG CCCGGAATAA ACTCAGTTCA GTGACGGAAT CGCTTAACAC GGCCCGTAAT GCATTAACCA GAGCTGAACA ACAGCTGACG CAACAGAAAA ACACGCCTGA CGGCAAAACG ATAGTTTCCCC TGAAAAATTC CCGGGGCGTT CATCAACAAA TGATTCTATTG TTGTGAGCGG TGATCCGAGA TTTGCCGGTA CGATAAAAAT CACAACCAGC GCAGTCATCG ATAACCGTGC AAACCTGAAT TATCTTCTGAG CCATTCCGGT CTGGACTATA AACGCAATAT TCTGAATGAC CGGAATCCGG TGGTGACAGA GGATGTGGAA GGTGACAAGA AAATTTATAA TGCTGAAGTT GCTGAATGGG ATAAGTTACG GCAAAGATTG CTTGATGCCA GAAATAAAAT CACCTCTGCT GAATCTGCGG TAAATTCGGC GAGAAATAAC CTCAGTGCCA GAACAAATGA GCAAAAGCAT GCAAATGACG CTCTTAATGCC CTGTTGAAGG AAAAAGAGAA TATCCGTAAC CAGCTTTCCG GCATCAATCA GAAGATAGCG GAAGAGAAAA GAAAACAGGA TGAACTGAAG GCAACGAAAG ACGCAATTAA TTTCACAACA GAGTTCCTGA AATCAGTTTC AGAAAAATAT GGTGCAAAAG CTGAGCAGTT AGCCAGAGAG ATGGCCGGGC AGGCTAAAGG GAAGAAAATA CGTAATGTTG AAGAGGCATT AAAAACGTAT GAAAAGTACC GGGCTGACAT TAACAAAAAA ATTAATGCAA AAGATCGTGC AGCGATTGCC GCAGCCCTTG AGTCTGTGAA GCTGTCTGAT ATATCGTCTA ATCTGAACAG ATTCAGTCGG GGACTGGGAT ATGCAGGAAA ATTTACAAGT CTTGCTGACT GGATCACTGA GTTTGGTAAG GCTGTCCGGA CAGAGAACTG GCGTCCTCTTT TTGTTAAAAC AGAAACCATC ATAGCAGGCA ATGCCGCAAC GGCTCTTGTG GCACTGGTCT TCAGTATTCTT ACCGGAAGCG CTTTAGGCATT ATCGGGTATG GTTTACTGAT GGCTGTCACC GGTGCGCTGA TTGATGAATC GCTTGTGGAA AAAGCGAATA AGTTCTGGGG TATTTAA 58 Colicin-Ib Unclassified MSDPVRITN Escherichia 59 ATGTCTGACC PGAESLGYD coli CTGTACGTATT SDGHEIMAV ACAAATCCCG DIYVNPPRV GTGCAGAATC DVFHGTPPA GCTGGGATAT WSSFGNKTI GATTCAGATG WGGNEWVD GCCATGAAAT DSPTRSDIEK TATGGCCGTT RDKEITAYK GATATTTATGT NTLSAQQKE AAACCCTCCA NENKRTEAG CGTGTCGATG KRLSAAIAA TCTTTCATGGT REKDENTLK ACCCCGCCTG TLRAGNADA CATGGAGTTC ADITRQEFRL CTTCGGGAAC LQAELREYG AAAACCATCT FRTEIAGYD GGGGTGGAAA ALRLHTESR CGAGTGGGTC MLFADADSL GATGATTCCC RISPREARSL CAACCCGAAG IEQAEKRQK TGATATCGAA DAQNADKK AAAAGGGACA AADMLAEY AGGAAATCAC ERRKGILDT AGCGTACAAA RLSELEKNG AACACGCTCA GAALAVLDA GCGCGCAGCA QQARLLGQQ GAAAGAGAAT TRNDRAISE GAGAATAAGC ARNKLSSVT GTACTGAAGC ESLKTARNA TGGAAAACGC LTRAEQQLT CTTTCTGCGGC QQKNTPDGK AATTGCTGCA TIVSPEKFPG AGGGAAAAAG RSSTNHSIVV ATGAAAACAC SGDPRFAGTI ACTGAAAACA KITTSAVIDN CTCCGTGCCG RANLNYLLT GAAACGCAGA HSGLDYKRN TGCCGCTGAT ILNDRNPVV ATTACACGAC TEDVEGDKK AGGAGTTCAG IYNAEVAEW ACTCCTGCAG DKLRQRLLD GCAGAGCTGA ARNKITSAES GAGAATACGG AINSARNNV ATTCCGTACT SARTNEQKH GAAATCGCCG ANDALNALL GATATGATGC KEKENIRSQ CCTCCGGCTG LADINQKIAE CATACAGAGA EKRKRDEIN GCCGGATGCT MVKDAIKLT GTTTGCTGAT SDFYRTIYDE GCTGATTCTCT FGKQASELA TCGTATATCTC KELASVSQG CCCGCGAGGC KQIKSVDDA CAGGTCGTTA LNAFDKFRN ATCGAACAGG NLNKKYNIQ CTGAAAAACG DRMAISKAL GCAGAAGGAT EAINQVHMA GCGCAGAACG ENFKLFSKAF CAGACAAGAA GFTGKVIER GGCCGCTGAT YDVAVELQK ATGCTTGCTG AVKTDNWR AATACGAGCG PFFVKLESLA CAGAAAAGGT AGRAASAVT ATTCTGGACA AWAFSVML CGCGGTTGTC GTPVGILGF AGAGCTGGAA AIIMAAVSA AAAAATGGCG LVNDKFIEQ GGGCAGCCCT VNKLIGI TGCCGTTCTTG ATGCACAACA GGCCCGTCTG CTCGGGCAGC AGACACGGAA TGACAGGGCC ATTTCAGAGG CCCGGAATAA ACTCAGTTCG GTGACGGAAT CGCTTAAGAC GGCCCGTAAT GCATTAACCA GAGCTGAACA ACAGCTGACG CAACAGAAAA ACACGCCTGA CGGCAAAACG ATAGTTTCCCC TGAAAAATTC CCGGGGCGTT CATCAACAAA TCATTCTATTG TTGTGAGTGG TGATCCGAGG TTTGCCGGTA CGATAAAAAT CACAACCAGC GCGGTCATCG ATAACCGTGC AAACCTGAAT TATCTTCTGAC CCATTCCGGT CTGGACTATA AACGCAATAT TCTGAATGAC CGGAATCCGG TGGTGACAGA GGATGTGGAA GGTGACAAGA AAATTTATAA TGCTGAAGTT GCTGAATGGG ATAAGTTACG GCAACGATTG CTTGATGCCA GAAATAAAAT CACCTCTGCT GAATCTGCGA TAAATTCGGC GAGAAATAAC GTCAGTGCCA GAACAAATGA ACAAAAGCAT GCAAATGACG CTCTTAATGCC CTGTTGAAGG AAAAAGAGAA TATCCGTAGC CAGCTTGCTG ACATCAATCA GAAAATAGCT GAAGAGAAAA GAAAAAGGGA TGAAATAAAT ATGGTAAAGG ATGCCATAAA ACTCACCTCTG ATTTCTACAG AACGATATAT GATGAGTTCG GTAAACAAGC ATCCGAACTT GCTAAGGAGC TGGCTTCTGTA TCTCAAGGGA AACAGATTAA GAGTGTGGAT GATGCACTGA ACGCTTTTGAT AAATTCCGTA ATAATCTGAA CAAGAAATAT AACATACAAG ATCGCATGGC CATTTCTAAA GCCCTGGAAG CTATTAATCA GGTCCATATG GCGGAGAATT TTAAGCTGTTC AGTAAGGCAT TTGGTTTTACC GGAAAAGTTA TTGAACGTTA TGATGTTGCT GTGGAGTTAC AAAAGGCTGT AAAAACGGAC AACTGGCGTC CATTTTTTGTA AAACTTGAAT CACTGGCAGC AGGAAGAGCT GCTTCAGCAG TTACAGCATG GGCGTTTTCC GTCATGCTGG GAACCCCTGT AGGTATTCTG GGTTTTGCAA TTATTATGGC GGCTGTGAGT GCGCTTGTTA ATGATAAGTT TATTGAGCAG GTCAATAAAC TTATTGGTATC TGA 60 Colicin-M Unclassified METLTVHAP Escherichia 61 ATGGAAACCT SPSTNLPSYG coli TAACTGTTCAT NGAFSLSAP GCACCATCAC HVPGAGPLL CATCAACTAA VQVVYSFFQ CTTACCAAGTT SPNMCLQAL ATGGCAATGG TQLEDYIKK TGCATTTTCTC HGASNPLTL TTTCAGCACC QIISTNIGYF ACATGTGCCT CNADRNLVL GGTGCTGGCC HPGISVYDA CTCTTTTAGTC YHFAKPAPS CAGGTTGTTT QYDYRSMN ATAGTTTTTTC MKQMSGNV CAGAGTCCAA TTPIVALAH ACATGTGTCTT YLWGNGAE CAGGCTTTAA RSVNIANIGL CTCAACTTGA KISPMKINQI GGATTACATC KDIIKSGVV AAAAAACATG GTFPVSTKFT GGGCCAGCAA HATGDYNVI CCCTCTCACAT TGAYLGNIT TGCAGATCAT LKTEGTLTIS ATCGACAAAT ANGSWTYN ATTGGTTACTT GVVRSYDD CTGTAACGCC KYDFNASTH GACCGAAATC RGIIGESLTR TGGTTCTTCAC LGAMFSGKE CCTGGAATAA YQILLPGEIH GCGTTTATGA IKESGKR CGCTTACCACT TCGCAAAACC AGCGCCAAGT CAATATGACT ATCGCTCAAT GAATATGAAA CAAATGAGCG GTAATGTCAC TACACCAATT GTGGCGCTTG CTCACTATTTA TGGGGTAATG GCGCTGAAAG GAGCGTTAAT ATCGCCAACA TTGGTCTTAA AATTTCCCCTA TGAAAATTAA TCAGATAAAA GACATTATAA AATCTGGTGT AGTAGGCACA TTCCCTGTTTC TACAAAGTTC ACACATGCCA CTGGTGATTA TAATGTTATTA CCGGTGCATA TCTTGGTAAT ATCACACTGA AAACAGAAGG TACTTTAACTA TCTCTGCCAAT GGCTCCTGGA CTTACAATGG CGTTGTTCGTT CATATGATGA TAAATACGAT TTTAACGCCA GCACTCACCG TGGCATTATC GGAGAGTCGC TCACAAGGCT CGGGGCGATG TTTTCTGGTAA AGAGTACCAG ATACTGCTTCC TGGTGAAATT CACATTAAAG AAAGTGGTAA GCGATAA 62 Colicin-N Unclassified MGSNGADN Escherichia 63 GCAAATCGAG AHNNAFGG coli TTTCGAATATA GKNPGIGNT AATAACATTA SGAGSNGSA TATCTAGTGTT SSNRGNSNG ATTCGATGA WSWSNKPH KNDGFHSDG SYHITFHGD NNSKPKPGG NSGNRGNN GDGASAKV GEITITPDNS KPGRYISSNP EYSLLAKLID AESIKGTEV YTFHTRKGQ YVKVTVPDS NIDKMRVDY VNWKGPKY NNKLVKRFV SQFLLFRKEE KEKNEKEAL LKASELVSG MGDKLGEY LGVKYKNV AKEVANDIK NFHGRNIRS YNEAMASLN KVLANPKM KVNKSDKD AIVNAWKQ VNAKDMAN KIGNLGKAF KVADLAIKV EKIREKSIEG YNTGNWGP LLLEVESWII GGVVAGVAI SLFGAVLSFL PISGLAVTAL GVIGIMTISY LSSFIDANRV SNINNIISSVIR 64 Colicin-V Unclassified MRTLTLNEL Escherichia 65 ATGAGAACTC (Microcin- DSVSGGASG coli TGACTCTAAA V) RDIAMAIGT TGAATTAGAT LSGQFVAGG TCTGTTTCTGG IGAAAGGVA TGGTGCTTCA GGAIYDYAS GGGCGTGATA THKPNPAMS TTGCGATGGC PSGLGGTIK TATAGGAACA QKPEGIPSEA CTATCCGGAC WNYAAGRL AATTTGTTGC CNWSPNNLS AGGAGGAATT DVCL GGAGCAGCTG CTGGGGGTGT GGCTGGAGGT GCAATATATG ACTATGCATC CACTCACAAA CCTAATCCTGC AATGTCTCCAT CCGGTTTAGG AGGAACAATT AAGCAAAAAC CCGAAGGGAT ACCTTCAGAA GCATGGAACT ATGCTGCGGG AAGATTGTGT AATTGGAGTC CAAATAATCT TAGTGATGTTT GTTTATAA 66 Columbicin A Lantibiotic MMNATENQI Enterococcus 67 ATGATGAATG FVETVSDQE columbae CTACTGAAAA LEMLIGGAG CCAAATTTTTG RGWIKTLTK TTGAGACTGT DCPNVISSIC GAGTGACCAA AGTIITACKN GAATTAGAAA CA TGTTAATTGGT GGTGCAGGTC GTGGATGGAT TAAGACTTTA ACAAAAGATT GTCCAAATGT GATTTCTTCAA TTTGTGCAGG TACAATTATTA CAGCTTGTAA AAATTGTGCT TAA 68 Curvacin-A class MNNVKELS Lactobacillus 69 ATGAATAATG IIA/YG MTELQTITG curvatus TAAAAGAATT NGV GARSYGNG AAGTATGACA VYCNNKKC GAATTACAAA WVNRGEAT CAATTACCGG QSIIGGMISG CGGTGCTAGA WASGLAGM TCATATGGCA ACGGTGTTTA CTGTAATAAT AAAAAATGTT GGGTAAATCG GGGTGAAGCA ACGCAAAGTA TTATTGGTGG TATGATTAGC GGCTGGGCTA GTGGTTTAGC TGGAATGTAA 70 Cypemycin Unclassified MRSEMTLTS Streptomyces 71 GTGCGATCTG TNSAEALAA sp. AGATGACTCT QDFANTVLS TACGAGCACG AAAPGFHAD AATTCCGCTG CETPAMATP AGGCTCTGGC ATPTVAQFV GGCGCAGGAC IQGSTICLVC TTTGCGAACA CCGTTCTCAG CGCGGCGGCC CCGGGCTTCC ACGCGGACTG CGAGACGCCG GCCATGGCCA CCCCGGCCAC GCCGACCGTC GCCCAGTTCG TGATCCAGGG CAGCACGATC TGCCTGGTCT GCTGA 72 Cytolysin Lantibiotic MVNSKDLR Bacillus 73 ATGGTAAATT NPEFRKAQG halodurans CAAAAGATTT LQFVDEVNE (strain ATCC GCGTAATCCT KELSSLAGS BAA-125/ GAATTCCGCA GDVHAQTT DSM 18197/ AAGCCCAAGG WPCATVGVS FERM 7344/ TCTACAATTCG VALCPTTKC JCM 9153/ TTGACGAGGT TSQC C-125) GAACGAGAAG GAACTTTCGT CTCTAGCTGG TTCAGGAGAT GTGCATGCAC AAACAACTTG GCCTTGCGCT ACAGTTGGTG TCTCCGTAGC CTTGTGCCCA ACTACAAAGT GTACAAGCCA GTGCTAA 74 Divercin class MKNLKEGSY Carnobacterium 75 ATGAAAAACT V41 IIa/YGN TAVNTDELK divergens TAAAAGAAGG GV SINGGTKYY (Lactobacillus TTCATACACTG GNGVYCNS divergens) CTGTTAATACT KKCWVDWG GATGAATTAA QASGCIGQT AAAGTATCAA VVGGWLGG TGGTGGAACA AIPGKC AAATATTATG GGAATGGCGT TTATTGCAATT CTAAAAAATG TTGGGTAGAT TGGGGACAAG CTTCAGGTTGT ATCGGTCAAA CTGTTGTTGG CGGATGGCTA GGCGGAGCTA TACCAGGTAA ATGCTAA 76 Divergicin Unclassified MIKREKNRT Carnobacterium 77 ATGATTAAAA 750 ISSLGYEEIS divergens GAGAAAAGAA NHKLQEIQG (Lactobacillus CAGAACAATT GKGILGKLG divergens) TCTTCCCTTGG VVQAGVDF TTATGAAGAA VSGVWAGIK ATTTCTAATCA QSAKDHPNA TAAATTGCAA GAAATACAAG GTGGAAAAGG AATTCTTGGT AAACTAGGAG TAGTACAGGC AGGAGTGGAT TTTGTATCAG GAGTGTGGGC TGGAATAAAA CAGTCTGCCA AAGATCATCC TAATGCGTAA 78 Divergicin A Class IIc MKKQILKGL Carnobacterium 79 ATGAAAAAAC VIVVCLSGA divergens AAATTTTAAA TFFSTPQQAS (Lactobacillus AGGGTTGGTT AAAPKITQK divergens) ATAGTTGTTTG QKNCVNGQ TTTATCTGGG LGGMLAGA GCAACATTTTT LGGPGGVVL CTCAACACCA GGIGGAIAG CAACAAGCTT GCFN CTGCTGCTGC ACCGAAAATT ACTCAAAAAC AAAAAAATTG TGTTAATGGA CAATTAGGTG GAATGCTTGC TGGAGCTTTG GGTGGACCTG GCGGAGTTGT GTTAGGTGGT ATAGGTGGTG CAATAGCAGG AGGTTGTTTTA ATTAA 80 Durancin Q Unclassified MQTIKELNT Enterococcus 81 ATGCAAACGA MELQEIIGGE durans TCAAAGAATT NDHRMPYEL GAACACGATG NRPNNLSKG GAATTACAAG GAKCAAGIL AAATAATTGG GAGLGAVG AGGTGAAAAT GGPGGFISA GACCATCGGA GISAVLGCM TGCCTTACGA ATTGAACCGT CCAAATAATT TATCCAAAGG TGGGGCTAAG TGTGCTGCTG GAATACTTGG CGCTGGACTA GGCGCAGTAG GCGGTGGACC TGGCGGATTT ATTAGTGCCG GAATCAGTGC TGTTCTTGGTT GTATGTAA 82 Durancin Unclassified MQTIKELNT Enterococcus 83 ATGCAAACGA TW-49M MELQKIIGG durans TCAAAGAATT ENDHRMPYE GAACACGATG LNRPNNLSK GAATTACAAA GGAKCAAGI AAATAATTGG LGAGLGAVG AGGTGAAAAT GGPGGFISA GACCATCGGA GISAVLGCM TGCCTTACGA ATTGAACCGT CCAAATAATT TATCCAAAGG TGGAGCTAAG TGCGCTGCCG GAATACTTGG TGCTGGATTA GGCGCAGTAG GCGGTGGACC TGGCGGATTT ATTAGTGCCG GAATCAGTGC TGTTCTTGGTT GTATGTAA 84 Dysgalacticin Unclassified MKKLKRLVI Streptococcus 85 ATGAAAAAAT SLVTSLLVIS dysgalactiae TAAAACGTCT STVPALVYA subsp. TGTTATCTCTC NETNNFAET equisimilis TTGTTACTTCA QKEITTNSEA (Streptococcus TTACTAGTAAT TLTNEDYTK equisimilis) TTCAAGTACA LTSEVKTIYT GTTCCAGCAC NLIQYDQTK TTGTTTACGCT NKFYVDEDK AATGAAACAA TEQYYNYD ATAACTTTGC DESIKGVYL AGAAACTCAA MKDSLNDEL AAAGAAATTA NNNNSSNYS CAACAAATTC EIINQKISEID AGAAGCAACA YVLQGNDIN TTAACCAATG NLIPSNTRVK AAGACTACAC RSADFSWIQ TAAATTAACTT RCLEEAWGY CCGAAGTAAA AISLVTLKGI AACAATTTAT INLFKAGKFE ACAAATCTGA AAAAKLASA TTCAATACGA TAGRIAGMA CCAAACAAAA ALFAFVATC AACAAATTTT GATTVS ACGTCGATGA AGACAAAACT GAACAATATT ATAACTACGA TGATGAAAGT ATAAAAGGGG TTTATCTCATG AAAGATAGTT TGAACGATGA GTTAAACAAT AATAACTCTTC AAACTATTCT GAAATAATTA ATCAAAAAAT CTCTGAAATT GACTATGTCC TTCAAGGAAA CGATATAAAT AATTTAATTCC TAGCAATACC AGAGTAAAAA GATCAGCAGA TTTTTCTTGGA TTCAAAGATG TCTAGAAGAA GCATGGGGAT ATGCTATTAG TCTAGTTACTC TAAAAGGAAT AATCAATCTA TTTAAAGCAG GAAAATTTGA AGCTGCTGCT GCTAAATTAG CTTCTGCTACA GCAGGTAGAA TCGCTGGAAT GGCTGCCTTA TTTGCTTTCGT AGCAACTTGC GGTGCGACAA CTGTATCATAA 86 Enterocin Unclassified MKQYKVLN Enterococcus 87 ATGAAGCAAT 1071A EKEMKKPIG faecalis ATAAAGTATT GESVFSKIGN (Streptococcus GAATGAAAAA AVGPAAYWI faecalis) GAAATGAAAA LKGLGNMSD AACCTATTGG VNQADRINR GGGAGAGTCG KKH GTTTTTAGTAA AATAGGTAAT GCTGTAGGTC CAGCTGCTTA TTGGATTTTAA AAGGATTAGG TAATATGAGT GATGTAAACC AAGCTGATAG AATTAATAGA AAGAAACATT AA 88 Enterocin bacteriocins MGAIAKLVA Enterococcus 89 ATGGGAGCAA 7A without KFGWPIVKK faecalis TCGCAAAATT (Enterocin sequence YYKQIMQFI (Streptococcus AGTAGCAAAG L50A) leader GEGWAINKII faecalis) TTTGGATGGC DWIKKHI CAATTGTTAA AAAGTATTAC AAACAAATTA TGCAATTTATT GGAGAAGGAT GGGCAATTAA CAAAATTATT GATTGGATCA AAAAACATAT TTAA 90 Enterocin Unclassified MGAIAKLVA Enterococcus 91 ATGGGAGCAA 7B KFGWPFIKK faecalis TCGCAAAATT FYKQIMQFIG (Streptococcus AGTAGCAAAG QGWTIDQIE faecalis) TTTGGATGGC KWLKRH CATTTATTAAA AAATTCTACA AACAAATTAT GCAGTTTATC GGACAAGGAT GGACAATAGA TCAAATTGAA AAATGGTTAA AAAGACATTGA 92 Enterocin Class II MLNKKLLEN Enterococcus 93 ATGTTAAATA 96 GVVNAVTID faecalis AAAAATTATT ELDAQFGGM (strain ATCC AGAAAATGGT SKRDCNLMK 700802/ GTAGTAAATG ACCAGQAVT V583) CTGTAACAAT YAIHSLLNRL TGATGAACTT GGDSSDPAG GATGCTCAAT CNDIVRKYCK TTGGTGGAAT GAGCAAACGT GATTGTAACT TGATGAAGGC GTGTTGTGCT GGACAAGCAG TAACATATGC TATTCATAGTC TTTTAAATCGA TTAGGTGGAG ACTCTAGTGA TCCAGCTGGT TGTAATGATA TTGTAAGAAA ATATTGTAAA TAA 94 Enterocin A Class MKHLKILSIK Enterococcus 95 ATGAAACATT IIa, IIc ETQLIYGGT faecium TAAAAATTTT (problematic) THSGKYYGN (Streptococcus GTCTATTAAA GVYCTKNKC faecium) GAGACACAAC TVDWAKAT TTATCTATGG TCIAGMSIG GGGTACCACT GFLGGAIPG CATAGTGGAA KC AATATTATGG AAATGGAGTG TATTGCACTA AAAATAAATG TACGGTCGAT TGGGCCAAGG CAACTACTTGT ATTGCAGGAA TGTCTATAGG TGGTTTTTTAG GTGGAGCAAT TCCAGGGAAG TGC 96 Enterocin Unclassified MVKENKFSK Enterococcus 97 ATGGTTAAAG AS-48 IFILMALSFL faecalis AAAATAAATT (BACTERIOCINAS- GLALFSASL (Streptococcus TTCTAAGATTT 48) QFLPIAHMA faecalis) TTATTTTAATG KEFGIPAAV GCTTTGAGTTT AGTVLNVVE TTTGGGGTTA AGGWVTTIV GCCTTGTTTAG SILTAVGSG TGCAAGTCTT GLSLLAAAG CAGTTTTTGCC RESIKAYLK CATTGCACAT KEIKKKGKR ATGGCTAAAG AVIAW AGTTCGGTAT ACCAGCAGCA GTTGCAGGAA CTGTGCTTAAT GTAGTTGAAG CTGGTGGATG GGTCACTACT ATTGTATCAAT TCTTACTGCTG TAGGTAGCGG AGGTCTTTCTT TACTCGCTGC AGCAGGAAGA GAGTCAATTA AAGCATACCT TAAGAAAGAA ATTAAGAAAA AAGGAAAAAG AGCAGTTATT GCTTGGTAA 98 Enterocin B class IIc, MQNVKELST Enterococcus 99 ATGCAAAATG non KEMKQIIGG faecium TAAAAGAATT subgrouped ENDHRMPNE (Streptococcus AAGTACGAAA bacteriocins LNRPNNLSK faecium) GAGATGAAAC (problematic) GGAKCGAAI AAATTATCGG AGGLFGIPK TGGAGAAAAT GPLAWAAGL GATCACAGAA ANVYSKCN TGCCTAATGA GTTAAATAGA CCTAACAACT TATCTAAAGG TGGAGCAAAA TGTGGTGCTG CAATTGCTGG GGGATTATTT GGAATCCCAA AAGGACCACT AGCATGGGCT GCTGGGTTAG CAAATGTATA CTCTAAATGC AACTAA 100 Enterocin Class IIa MKKLTSKE Enterococcus 101 TTGAAGAAAT CRL35 MAQVVGGK mundtii TAACATCAAA (Mundticin YYGNGVSC AGAAATGGCA KS) NKKGCSVD CAAGTAGTAG WGKAIGIIGN GTGGAAAATA NSAANLATG CTACGGTAAT GAAGWKS GGAGTCTCAT GTAATAAAAA AGGGTGCAGT GTTGATTGGG GAAAAGCTAT TGGCATTATT GGAAATAATT CTGCTGCGAA TTTAGCTACTG GTGGAGCAGC TGGTTGGAAA AGTTAA 102 Enterocin Unclassified MLAKIKAMI Enterococcus 103 ATGTTAGCAA EJ97 KKFPNPYTL faecalis AAATTAAAGC AAKLTTYEI (Streptococcus GATGATTAAG NWYKQQYG faecalis) AAGTTTCCGA RYPWERPVA ACCCTTATACT TTAGCAGCTA AGCTAACGAC TTACGAAATT AATTGGTATA AACAACAATA CGGTCGTTAT CCTTGGGAGC GCCCTGTAGC ATAA 104 Enterocin P Class MRKKLFSLA Enterococcus 105 ATGAGAAAAA IIa, IIb LIGIFGLVVT faecium AATTATTTAGT and IIc NFGTKVDAA (Streptococcus TTAGCTCTTAT (problematic) TRSYGNGVY faecium) TGGAATATTT CNNSKCWV GGGTTAGTTG NWGEAKENI TGACAAATTTT AGIVISGWA GGTACAAAAG SGLAGMGH TTGATGCAGC TACGCGTTCA TATGGTAATG GTGTTTATTGT AATAATAGTA AATGCTGGGT TAACTGGGGA GAAGCTAAAG AGAATATTGC AGGAATCGTT ATTAGTGGCT GGGCTTCTGG TTTGGCAGGT ATGGGACATT AA 106 Enterocin Q Class IIc MNFLKNGIA Enterococcus 107 ATGAATTTTCT KWMTGAEL faecium TAAAAATGGT QAYKKKYG (Streptococcus ATCGCAAAAT CLPWEKISC faecium) GGATGACCGG TGCTGAATTG CAAGCGTATA AAAAGAAATA TGGATGCTTG CCATGGGAAA AAATTTCTTGT TAA 108 Enterocin Class IIa MKKKLVKG Enterococcus 109 ATGAAAAAGA SE-K4 LVICGMIGIG faecalis AATTAGTTAA FTALGTNVE (Streptococcus AGGCTTAGTT AATYYGNG faecalis) ATTTGTGGCA VYCNKQKC TGATTGGGAT WVDWSRAR TGGTTTTACA SEIIDRGVKA GCATTAGGAA YVNGFTKVL CAAATGTAGA GGIGGR AGCCGCCACG TATTACGGAA ATGGTGTCTA TTGCAATAAG CAAAAATGTT GGGTAGATTG GAGTAGAGCA CGTTCTGAAA TTATAGACAG AGGCGTAAAA GCATACGTCA ATGGATTTAC GAAAGTGTTA GGTGGTATAG GTGGAAGATAA 110 Enterocin Class IIb MKKEELVG Enterococcus 111 ATGAAAAAAG W alfa MAKEDFLNV faecalis AAGAATTAGT ICENDNKLE (Streptococcus AGGAATGGCT NSGAKCPW faecalis) AAGGAAGACT WNLSCHLGN TTTTAAATGTT DGKICTYSH ATTTGTGAAA ECTAGCNA ATGACAACAA ACTAGAAAAT AGTGGAGCAA AATGTCCTTG GTGGAATCTT TCTTGTCATTT AGGCAATGAT GGTAAAATTT GCACTTATTCA CATGAATGTA CCGCAGGTTG TAATGCATAA 112 Enterocin Class IIb MTELNKRLQ Enterococcus 113 ATGACTGAAC W beta LKRDVSTEN faecalis TTAACAAAAG SLKKISNTDE (Streptococcus ATTACAATTA THGGVTTSIP faecalis) AAAAGAGATG CTVMVSAA TTTCAACAGA VCPTLVCSN AAATAGTTTG KCGGRG AAAAAAATTT CTAATACTGA TGAAACACAT GGGGGAGTTA CTACATCAATT CCATGTACAG TAATGGTTAG TGCGGCAGTA TGTCCTACCCT TGTTTGCTCGA ATAAATGTGG CGGTAGAGGC TAG 114 Enterocin Class IIb MQNVKEVS Enterococcus 115 ATGCAAAATG Xalpha VKEMKQIIG faecium TAAAAGAAGT GSNDSLWY (Streptococcus TTCTGTAAAA GVGQFMGK faecium) GAGATGAAAC QANCITNHP AAATTATCGG VKHMIIPGY TGGTTCTAAT CLSKILG GATAGTCTTT GGTATGGTGT AGGACAATTT ATGGGTAAAC AAGCAAACTG TATAACAAAC CATCCTGTTAA ACACATGATA ATTCCTGGAT ATTGTTTATCG AAAATTTTAG GGTAA 116 Enterocin Class IIb MKKYNELSK Enterococcus 117 ATGAAAAAAT Xbeta KELLQIQGGI faecium ATAATGAGTT APIIVAGLGY (Streptococcus ATCTAAAAAA LVKDAWDH faecium) GAACTTCTAC SDQIISGFKK AGATTCAAGG GWNGGRRK AGGAATAGCA CCTATTATAGT TGCTGGCCTT GGCTATTTAG TAAAAGATGC ATGGGATCAC TCAGATCAAA TAATCTCAGG ATTTAAAAAA GGTTGGAATG GTGGACGTAG AAAATAA 118 Enterolysin A class III MKNILLSILG Enterococcus 119 ATGAAAAATA VLSIVVSLAF faecalis TTTTACTTTCT SSYSVNAAS (Streptococcus ATTCTAGGGG NEWSWPLG faecalis) TATTATCTATC KPYAGRYEE GTTGTTTCTTT GQQFGNTAF GGCGTTTTCTT NRGGTYFHD CTTATTCTGTC GFDFGSAIY AACGCAGCTT GNGSVYAV CTAATGAGTG HDGKILYAG GTCGTGGCCA WDPVGGGS CTGGGCAAAC LGAFIVLQA CATATGCGGG GNTNVIYQE AAGATATGAA FSRNVGDIK GAAGGACAAC VSTGQTVKK AATTCGGGAA GQLIGKFTSS CACTGCATTTA HLHLGMTK ACCGAGGAGG KEWRSAHSS TACTTATTTCC WNKDDGTW ATGATGGGTT FNPIPILQGG TGACTTTGGTT STPTPPNPGP CTGCTATTTAT KNFTTNVRY GGAAATGGCA GLRVLGGSW GTGTGTATGC LPEVTNFNN TGTGCATGAT TNDGFAGYP GGTAAAATTT NRQHDMLYI TATATGCTGG KVDKGQMK TTGGGATCCT YRVHTAQSG GTAGGTGGAG WLPWVSKG GCTCATTAGG DKSDTVNGA TGCATTTATTG AGMPGQAID TACTACAAGC GVQLNYITP GGGAAACACA KGEKLSQAY AATGTGATTT YRSQTTKRS ATCAAGAATT GWLKVSAD TAGCCGAAAT NGSIPGLDSY GTTGGAGATA AGIFGEPLDR TTAAAGTTAG LQIGISQSNPF CACTGGACAA ACTGTTAAAA AAGGACAGCT GATAGGAAAG TTTACTTCTAG TCATTTACATT TAGGAATGAC AAAAAAAGAA TGGCGTTCTG CTCATTCTTCT TGGAATAAAG ATGATGGCAC TTGGTTTAACC CAATTCCTATA CTTCAAGGAG GATCTACGCC TACGCCTCCA AATCCAGGAC CAAAAAATTT CACAACAAAT GTTCGTTACG GATTGCGGGT CCTCGGAGGT TCATGGTTAC CAGAAGTAAC CAACTTTAAC AATACCAATG ATGGTTTCGC AGGTTACCCT AATCGTCAAC ATGATATGCT TTATATAAAG GTAGATAAAG GGCAAATGAA ATATCGTGTTC ACACGGCTCA AAGTGGATGG TTGCCTTGGG TAAGTAAAGG GGATAAGAGC GATACAGTAA ATGGAGCGGC AGGTATGCCT GGACAAGCAA TTGATGGTGT TCAGCTAAAC TATATAACTCC TAAGGGAGAA AAATTATCAC AGGCTTACTA TCGTTCACAA ACTACGAAAC GATCAGGCTG GTTAAAAGTA AGTGCAGATA ATGGTTCTATT CCTGGACTAG ACAGTTATGC AGGAATCTTT GGAGAACCGT TGGATCGCTT GCAAATAGGT ATTTCACAGTC AAATCCATTTT AA 120 Epicidin Lantibiotic MENKKDLFD Staphylococcus 121 ATGGAAAACA 280 LEIKKDNME epidermidis AAAAAGATTT NNNELEAQS ATTTGATTTAG LGPAIKATR AAATCAAAAA QVCPKATRF AGATAATATG VTVSCKKSD GAAAATAATA CQ ATGAATTAGA AGCTCAATCT CTTGGTCCTGC AATTAAGGCA ACTAGACAGG TATGTCCTAA AGCAACACGT TTTGTTACAGT TTCTTGTAAAA AAAGTGATTG TCAATAG 122 Epidermic Unclassified MAAFMKLIQ Staphylococcus 123 ATGGCAGCAT in NI01 FLATKGQKY epidermidis TTATGAAGTT VSLAWKHK AATTCAGTTCT GTILKWINA TAGCAACTAA GQSFEWIYK AGGTCAAAAG QIKKLWA TATGTTTCACT TGCATGGAAA CATAAAGGTA CTATTTTAAAA TGGATTAACG CCGGTCAAAG TTTTGAATGG ATTTATAAAC AAATCAAAAA ATTATGGGCA TAA 124 Epidermin Lantibiotic MEAVKEKN Staphylococcus 125 ATGGAAGCAG DLFNLDVKV epidermidis TAAAAGAAAA NAKESNDSG AAATGATCTTT AEPRIASKFI TTAATCTTGAT CTPGCAKTG GTTAAAGTTA SFNSYCC ATGCAAAAGA ATCTAACGAT TCAGGAGCTG AACCAAGAAT TGCTAGTAAA TTTATATGTAC TCCTGGATGT GCAAAAACAG GTAGTTTTAA CAGTTATTGTT GTTAA 126 Epilancin Lantibiotic MNNSLFDLN Staphylococcus 127 ATGAATAACT K7 LNKGVETQK epidermidis CATTATTCGAT SDLSPQSAS TTAAACCTAA VLKTSIKVSK ACAAAGGTGT KYCKGVTLT AGAAACTCAA CGCNITGGK AAGAGTGATT TAAGTCCGCA ATCTGCTAGT GTCTTGAAGA CTTCTATTAAA GTATCTAAAA AATATTGTAA AGGTGTTACT TTAACATGCG GTTGCAATAT TACTGGTGGT AAATAA 128 Gallidermin Lantibiotic MEAVKEKN Staphylococcus 129 ATGGAAGCAG ELFDLDVKV gallinarum TAAAAGAGAA NAKESNDSG AAATGAACTT AEPRIASKFL TTTGATCTTGA CTPGCAKTG CGTTAAAGTA SFNSYCC AATGCAAAAG AGTCTAATGA TTCAGGCGCA GAACCACGAA TTGCTAGTAA ATTTTTATGTA CTCCTGGATG TGCCAAAACA GGTAGCTTCA ATAGCTACTG TTGTTAA 130 Garvicin A IId MENNNYTV Lactococcus 131 ATGGAAAACA LSDEELQKID garvieae ACAATTACAC GGIGGALGN AGTACTTTCA ALNGLGTW GATGAAGAAC ANMMNGGG TACAAAAAAT FVNQWQVY TGATGGTGGA ANKGKINQY ATCGGCGGGG RPY CTCTTGGTAAT GCTCTCAACG GATTAGGTAC CTGGGCAAAC ATGATGAACG GTGGAGGATT TGTTAATCAG TGGCAAGTTT ATGCTAATAA AGGAAAAATA AATCAATACC GTCCGTATTAA 132 Garvicin Unclassified MFDLVATG Lactococcus 133 ATGTTTGATTT ML MAAGVAKTI garvieae AGTCGCGACT VNAVSAGM GGAATGGCTG DIATALSLFS CAGGTGTAGC GAFTAAGGI AAAAACTATT MALIKKYAQ GTTAATGCCG KKLWKQLIAA TTAGTGCTGG TATGGATATT GCCACTGCTTT ATCATTGTTCT CAGGAGCTTT TACTGCAGCT GGGGGAATTA TGGCACTCAT TAAAAAATAT GCTCAAAAGA AATTATGGAA ACAGCTTATT GCTGCATAA 134 Gassericin A Unclassified MVTKYGRN Lactobacillus 135 ATGGTTACTA LGLNKVELF gasseri AGTACGGACG AIWAVLVVA TAATTTAGGTT LLLTTANIY TGAACAAGGT WIADQFGIH AGAGTTGTTT LATGTARKL GCAATTTGGG LDAMASGAS CGGTTTTAGT LGTAFAAIL AGTTGCTCTTT GVTLPAWAL TATTGACCAC AAAGALGAT AGCGAACATT AA TATTGGATTG CTGATCAATTC GGGATTCATT TAGCGACTGG AACAGCCCGT AAGTTATTAG ATGCAATGGC TTCTGGTGCCT CATTGGGAAC TGCCTTTGCTG CTATTTTGGGC GTGACATTAC CTGCATGGGC TTTGGCAGCT GCAGGAGCAT TGGGAGCGAC TGCAGCCTAG 136 Gassericin T Unclassified MKNFNTLSF Lactobacillus 137 ATGAAAAATT (gassericin ETLANIVGG gasseri TTAATACATTA K7 B) RNNWAANIG TCATTTGAAA GVGGATVA CATTGGCTAA GWALGNAV CATAGTTGGT CGPACGFVG GGGAGAAATA AHYVPIAWA ATTGGGCTGC GVTAATGGF TAATATAGGT GKIRK GGAGTAGGTG GAGCGACAGT CGCTGGATGG GCTCTTGGAA ATGCAGTTTG CGGTCCTGCTT GTGGCTTTGTT GGAGCACACT ATGTTCCAAT AGCATGGGCT GGCGTAACGG CAGCTACTGG TGGATTCGGA AAGATAAGAA AGTAG 138 Glycocin F Unclassified MSKLVKTLT Lactobacillus 139 ATGAGTAAAT ISEISKAQNN plantarum TGGTTAAGAC GGKPAWCW ACTTACTATA YTLAMCGA AGTGAAATTT GYDSGTCDY CTAAGGCTCA MYSHCFGIK AAACAACGGT HHSSGSSSY GGAAAACCTG HC CATGGTGTTG GTATACTTTA GCAATGTGTG GTGCTGGTTA TGATTCGGGA ACCTGTGATT ATATGTATTC GCATTGTTTTG GTATAAAGCA TCATAGTAGT GGTAGTAGCA GTTATCATTGT TAG 140 Halocin Unclassified MSKDRDGR Haloferax 141 ATGTCGAAAG H4 RTSRRGTLK mediterranei ACAGAGATGG KIGGFSLGAL (strain ATCC GAGAAGGACA SFGAVGRTQ 33500/DSM AGTCGGCGAG AATGSSVTT 1411/JCM GCACGTTAAA ADIAPPGPN 8866/ GAAAATCGGC GDPKSVQID NBRC 14739/ GGTTTCAGTCT DKYTGAEM NCIMB CGGAGCGCTT YGEGDFRVG 2177/R-4) AGTTTCGGGG LGTDLTMYP (Halobacterium CAGTCGGACG PVYRESLGN mediterranei) AACTCAAGCG GSGGWEFDF GCGACCGGCT TVCGSTACR CATCGGTTAC FVDSNGDVK GACCGCTGAT EDDKAKEM ATCGCACCTC WWQEINFND CCGGACCGAA INQDLYSRN CGGAGACCCG DSDWVGSTP AAGAGTGTTC ADTQPEFDY AGATAGATGA TEFALARDG TAAATACACC VTLALTALN GGAGCCGAGA PAMGSLALG TGTACGGCGA ATYFLSDMV GGGTGACTTC NWIASQHED AGAGTCGGTC DSSLKRKWD TCGGAACTGA YDGLSGPLY CCTGACGATG ADSSTYLLA TATCCGCCCG RDEMTSNSY TGTACCGTGA ESFTIDNIAV GAGTCTTGGA AFPEFPVRTK AATGGAAGCG YYVTFTAPD GGGGTTGGGA DPSTQSISTL ATTCGACTTCA EEEGIYRVP CCGTTTGTGG ATEVAAARP GTCCACTGCC PGSRRSKSA TGTCGATTTGT ADEMVYVA GGACAGTAAC DPKKFIEVEP GGTGACGTCA VKNPSIPDRI AAGAGGACGA YEEIEQKKK CAAGGCGAAA QRSRKQ GAAATGTGGT GGCAGGAAAT TAACTTCAAC GACATAAATC AGGATTTATA CAGTCGGAAC GATTCCGACT GGGTCGGGTC GACCCCTGCC GATACCCAAC CGGAGTTCGA TTACACCGAC TTTGCGCTCGC TCGGGACGGA GTGACGCTCG CTCTCACGGC ACTCAACCCC GCAATGGGGA GTCTTGCACTC GGTGCCACGT ACTTCCTCAGC GACATGGTGA ACTGGATTGC GAGCCAGCAC GAAGACGACA GTTCGCTCAA GAGAAAATGG GATTACGACG GGCTAAGTGG GCCGTTGTAC GCCGATTCGT CGACGTACCT ACTGGCACGC GACGAGATGA CTTCGAACTC GTACGAATCA TTCACGATCG ATAACATCGC CGTTGCCTTCC CAGAGTTCCC CGTCCGGACC AAGTACTACG TCACATTCACT GCGCCGGATG ACCCGTCAAC GCAGTCGATA TCTACGCTCG AAGAGGAGGG AATCTACCGA GTGCCCGCTA CGGAAGTGGC TGCGGCCAGA CCACCGGGGT CCCGACGTTC CAAATCGGCA GCCGACGAGA TGGTGTACGT TGCCGATCCG AAGAAGTTCA TAGAGGTCGA GCCGGTGAAG AACCCAAGTA TCCCGGACCG AATCTACGAG GAGATAGAGC AAAAAAAGAA ACAACGGAGT AGGAAACAGT AG 142 Halocin- Unclassified MSDKDSINR Haloarchaeon 143 ATGTCGGATA S8 RNVLRKIGGI S8a AAGACAGCAT GVASAVGFS TAACAGAAGA GLASGESLS AATGTATTAA DDEKQDVID GAAAAATTGG TIYKSQRVE CGGTATCGGT QIKKKFGGV GTGGCTTCAG NIEPKKVQS CTGTCGGATTT VTTNQSGDL TCTGGTTTGG VTAKLSVSD CAAGCGGGGA GDLVYSSVK AAGTCTTAGC DTTVIVQFD GATGATGAGA RSASEIGES AACAAGATGT WPKNTEAFI TATTGACACA KSTSSGVDL ATTTACAAAT LRTATDEEIK CACAAAGAGT DVTEGVNTS TGAACAGATA EIESADAVNI AAGAAAAAGT FIDPESQTYY TCGGAGGAGT MEKYDFNN GAATATTGAG KVLEMFELA CCGAAAAAGG TGGTSSGKIS TTCAATCTGTA PTREDQNHE ACGACCAATC YNVREHKVF AGAGCGGAGA NSEKQNIQL TCTTGTTACGG QSDCNINSN CGAAGCTGTC TAADVILCF GGTTAGTGAT NQVGSCALC GGGGATTTGG SPTLVGGPV TATATTCGAG PTVACLLVV TGTCAAAGAT CFGTPNAVS ACAACTGTAA AILEEVDNS TAGTTCAGTTC CFNLIKDVIS GATAGATCGG CWDEWTSFW CTTCTGAAATT GGTGAAAGTT GGCCCAAGAA TACTGAGGCA TTCATCAAATC GACGTCCTCT GGGGTCGATC TTCTACGTACA GCAACTGATG AAGAAATAAA GGACGTTACT GAGGGAGTCA ACACATCTGA AATTGAATCT GCGGATGCTG TTAACATATTT ATTGATCCTG AATCACAGAC ATACTATATG GAGAAATATG ACTTTAATAAT AAGGTACTTG AGATGTTTGA ATTAGCGACA GGTGGGACAA GTAGTGGTAA AATCTCCCCC ACACGTGAAG ACCAGAATCA CGAATATAAT GTTAGGGAAC ATAAAGTATT TAACTCAGAA AAACAGAATA TACAACTTCA GAGTGACTGT AATATAAACA GTAACACCGC TGCTGATGTT ATTCTATGCTT CAACCAGGTT GGTTCTTGTG CACTCTGCTCC CCGACTTTAG TCGGAGGTCC AGTCCCTACA GTTGCATGTCT CTTAGTCGTCT GTTTCGGCAC TCCAAATGCT GTGTCCGCGA TACTTGAAGA AGTCGATAAT TCTTGCTTTAA CTTGATCAAG GATGTAATTT CGTGTTGGGA TGAATGGACT AGCTTCTGGT GA 144 Helveticin-J Unclassified MKHLNETTN Lactobacillus 145 ATGAAGCATT VRILSQFDM helveticus TAAATGAAAC DTGYQAVV (Lactobacillus AACTAATGTT QKGNVGSK suntoryeus) AGAATTTTAA YVYGLQLRK GTCAATTTGA GATTILRGY TATGGATACT RGSKINNPIL GGCTATCAAG ELSGQAGGH CAGTAGTTCA TQTWEFAGD AAAAGGCAAT RKDINGEER GTAGGTTCAA AGQWFIGVK AATATGTATA PSKIEGSKII TGGATTACAA WAKQIARVD CTTCGCAAAG LRNQMGPH GTGCTACTAC YSNTDFPRL TATCTTGCGTG SYLNRAGSN GTTACCGTGG PFAGNKMTH AAGTAAAATT AEAAVSPDY AATAACCCTA TKFLIATVEN TTCTTGAATTA NCIGHFTIYN TCTGGTCAAG LDTINEKLD CAGGTGGTCA EKGNSEDVN CACACAGACA LETVKYEDS TGGGAATTTG FIIDNLYGDD CTGGTGATCG NNSIVNSIQG TAAAGACATT YDLDNDGNI AATGGTGAAG YISSQKAPDF AAAGAGCAGG DGSYYAHH TCAATGGTTT KQIVKIPYYA ATAGGTGTTA RSKESEDQW AACCATCGAA RAVNLSEFG AATTGAAGGA GLDIPGKHS AGCAAAATTA EVESIQIIGE TTTGGGCAAA NHCYLTVAY GCAAATTGCA HSKNKAGEN AGAGTTGATC KTTLNEIYEL TTAGAAATCA SWN AATGGGACCT CATTATTCAA ATACTGACTTT CCTCGATTATC CTACTTGAATC GCGCCGGTTC TAATCCATTTG CTGGTAATAA GATGACGCAT GCCGAAGCCG CAGTATCACC TGATTATACTA AGTTTTTAATT GCTACTGTTG AAAATAACTG TATTGGTCATT TTACTATATAC AATTTAGATA CAATTAATGA AAAACTTGAT GAAAAGGGAA ATAGTGAAGA TGTTAATCTCG AAACTGTTAA ATACGAAGAT AGTTTTATCAT TGATAATTTAT ATGGTGATGA TAATAATTCTA TTGTAAATTCA ATTCAAGGGT ATGATTTGGA TAATGATGGA AATATTTATAT TTCCAGTCAA AAAGCGCCAG ATTTTGATGG CTCTTATTATG CACATCATAA GCAGATTGTT AAGATTCCAT ATTATGCTCG GTCTAAAGAA AGCGAAGACC AATGGAGAGC TGTAAATTTA AGCGAATTCG GTGGCTTGGA TATTCCAGGT AAACATAGTG AAGTTGAAAG CATCCAAATT ATTGGTGAGA ATCATTGTTAC TTAACTGTTGC ATATCATTCTA AAAATAAAGC GGGTGAAAAT AAAACTACTT TGAATGAGAT TTATGAATTAT CTTGGAATTAG 146 Hiracin Class II MKKKVLKH Enterococcus 147 ATGAAAAAGA JM79 sec- CVILGILGTC hirae AAGTATTAAA dependent LAGIGTGIKV ACATTGTGTT DAATYYGN ATTCTAGGAA GLYCNKEKC TATTAGGAAC WVDWNQAK TTGTCTAGCTG GEIGKIIVNG GCATCGGTAC WVNHGPWA AGGAATAAAA PRR GTTGATGCAG CTACTTACTAT GGAAATGGTC TTTATTGTAAC AAAGAAAAAT GTTGGGTAGA TTGGAATCAA GCTAAAGGAG AAATTGGAAA AATTATTGTTA ATGGTTGGGT TAATCATGGT CCATGGGCAC CTAGAAGGTAG 148 Lactacin- class IIB MKQFNYLSH Lactobacillus 149 ATGAAACAAT F (lafA) KDLAVVVG johnsonii TTAATTATTTA GRNNWQTN (strain TCACATAAAG VGGAVGSA CNCM I- ATTTAGCAGT MIGATVGGT 12250/Lal/ CGTTGTTGGT ICGPACAVA NCC 533) GGAAGAAATA GAHYLPILW ATTGGCAAAC TAVTAATGG AAATGTGGGA FGKIRK GGAGCAGTGG GATCAGCTAT GATTGGGGCT ACAGTTGGTG GTACAATTTG TGGACCTGCA TGTGCTGTAG CTGGTGCCCA TTATCTTCCTA TTTTATGGAC AGCGGTTACA GCTGCAACAG GTGGTTTTGG CAAGATAAGA AAGTAG 150 Lactacin- class IIB MKLNDKELS Lactobacillus 151 ATGAAATTAA F (lafX) KIVGGNRWG johnsonii ATGACAAAGA DTVLSAASG (strain ATTATCAAAG AGTGIKACK NCM I- ATTGTTGGTG SFGPWGMAI 12250/Lal/ GAAATCGATG CGVGGAAIG NCC 533) GGGAGATACT GYFGYTHN GTTTTATCAGC TGCTAGTGGC GCAGGAACTG GTATTAAAGC ATGTAAAAGT TTTGGCCCAT GGGGAATGGC AATTTGTGGT GTAGGAGGTG CAGCAATAGG AGGTTATTTTG GCTATACTCAT AATTAA 152 Lacticin Lantibiotic MNKNEIETQ Lactococcus 153 ATGAACAAAA 3147 A1 PVTWLEEVS lactis subsp. ATGAAATTGA DQNFDEDVF lactis AACACAACCA GACSTNTFS (Streptococcus GTTACATGGT LSDYWGNN lactis) TGGAAGAAGT GAWCTLTHE ATCTGATCAA CMAWCK AATTTTGATG AAGATGTATT TGGTGCGTGT AGTACTAACA CATTCTCGCTC AGTGATTACT GGGGAAATAA CGGGGCTTGG TGTACACTCA CTCATGAATG TATGGCTTGG TGTAAATAA 154 Lacticin Lantibiotic MKEKNMKK Lactococcus 155 ATGAAAGAAA 3147 A2 NDTIELQLG lactis subsp. AAAATATGAA KYLEDDMIE lactis AAAGAATGAC LAEGDESHG (Streptococcus ACTATTGAATT GTTPATPAIS lactis) ACAATTGGGA ILSAYISTNT AAATACCTTG CPTTKCTRAC AAGATGATAT GATTGAATTA GCTGAAGGGG ATGAGTCTCA TGGAGGAACA ACACCAGCAA CTCCTGCAATC TCTATTCTCAG TGCATATATTA GTACCAATAC TTGTCCAACA ACAAAATGTA CACGTGCTTG TTAA 156 Lacticin Lantibiotic MKEQNSFNL Lactococcus 157 ATGAAAGAAC 481 LQEVTESEL lactis subsp. AAAACTCTTTT (Lactococcin DLILGAKGG lactis AATCTTCTTCA DR) SGVIHTISHE (Streptococcus AGAAGTGACA CNIVINSWQF lactis) GAAAGTGAAT VFTCCS TGGACCTTATT TTAGGTGCAA AAGGCGGCAG TGGAGTTATT CATACAATTTC TCATGAATGT AATATGAATA GCTGGCAATT TGTATTTACTT GCTGCTCTTAA 158 Lacticin Q Unclassified MAGFLKVV Lactococcus 159 ATGGCAGGGT QLLAKYGSK lactis TTTTAAAAGT AVQWAWAN AGTTCAATTA KGKILDWLN CTAGCTAAAT AGQAIDWV ATGGTTCTAA VSKIKQILGIK AGCTGTACAA TGGGCTTGGG CAAACAAGGG TAAGATTTTA GATTGGCTTA ATGCAGGTCA GGCTATTGAT TGGGTAGTTT CGAAAATTAA GCAAATTTTA GGTATTAAGT AA 160 Lacticin Z Unclassified MAGFLKVV Lactococcus 161 ATGGCAGGGT QILAKYGSK lactis TTTTAAAAGT AVQWAWAN AGTCCAAATT KGKILDWIN TTGGCTAAGT AGQAIDWV ATGGTTCTAA VEKIKQILGIK AGCCGTACAA TGGGCATGGG CAAATAAAGG AAAAATCTTA GATTGGATTA ATGCAGGTCA AGCTATTGAC TGGGTAGTTG AAAAGATTAA GCAAATTTTG GGTATTAAAT AA 162 Lactobin-A class IIB MKQLNSEQL Lactobacillus 163 ATGAAACAAT (Amylovorin- QNIIGGNRW amylovorus TGAATTCAGA L471) TNAYSAALG ACAATTACAA CAVPGVKYG AATATTATCG KKLGGVWG GTGGAAATAG AVIGGVGGA ATGGACTAAT AVCGLAGY GCATACAGCG VRKG CAGCTTTGGG ATGCGCTGTC CCTGGAGTTA AATATGGAAA AAAACTTGGT GGCGTATGGG GTGCTGTAAT TGGTGGCGTA GGCGGTGCAG CAGTCTGTGG CTTGGCGGGT TATGTTCGTA AAGGCTAA 164 Lactocin-S Lantibiotic MKTEKKVL Lactobacillus 165 ATGAAAACAG DELSLHASA sakei L45 AAAAAAAGGT KMGARDVE TTTAGATGAA SSMNADSTP CTGAGCTTAC VLASVAVSM ACGCTTCTGC ELLPTASVL AAAAATGGGA YSDVAGCFK GCACGTGATG YSAKHHC TTGAATCCAG CATGAATGCA GACTCAACAC CAGTTTTAGC ATCAGTCGCT GTATCCATGG AATTATTGCC AACTGCGTCT GTTCTTTATTC GGATGTTGCA GGTTGCTTCA AATATTCTGC AAAACATCAT TGTTAG 166 Lactococcin Unclassified MKTKSLVLA Lactococcus 167 ATGAAAACCA 972 LSAVTLFSA lactis subsp. AGTCTCTCGT GGIVAQAEG lactis ATTGGCATTA TWQHGYGV (Streptococcus TCTGCGGTTA SSAYSNYHH lactis) CGTTATTCTCT GSKTHSATV GCCGGAGGAA VNNNTGRQ TTGTAGCTCA GKDTQRAG AGCTGAAGGA VWAKATVG ACATGGCAAC RNLTEKASF ATGGATATGG YYNFW TGTTAGTTCG GCATATTCAA ATTATCATCAT GGTAGCAAAA CTCATTCAGCC ACAGTTGTAA ATAATAATAC TGGCCGACAA GGTAAGGATA CACAACGTGC CGGTGTTTGG GCAAAAGCTA CTGTTGGACG TAACTTAACT GAAAAAGCTT CATTTTATTAT AACTTTTGGT AA 168 Lactococcin-A Unclassified MKNQLNFNI Lactococcus 169 ATGAAAAATC VSDEELSEA lactis subsp. AATTAAATTTT NGGKLTFIQ cremoris AATATTGTTTC STAAGDLYY (Streptococcus AGATGAAGAA NTNTHKYV cremoris) CTTTCAGAAG YQQTQNAFG CTAACGGAGG AAANTIVNG AAAATTAACA WMGGAAGG TTTATTCAATC FGLHH GACAGCGGCT GGAGATTTAT ATTACAATAC TAATACACAC AAATATGTTT ACCAACAAAC TCAAAACGCT TTTGGGGCTG CTGCTAATAC CATTGTTAAT GGATGGATGG GTGGCGCTGC TGGAGGTTTC GGGTTGCACC ATTGA 170 Lactococcin-B Unclassified MKNQLNFNI Lactococcus 171 ATGAAAAATC VSDEELAEV lactis subsp. AATTAAATTTT NGGSLQYV cremoris AATATTGTTTC MSAGPYTW (Streptococcus TGATGAAGAA YKDTRTGKT cremoris) CTTGCAGAAG ICKQTIDTAS TTAATGGAGG YTFGVMAE AAGCTTGCAG GWGKTFH TATGTTATGA GTGCTGGACC ATATACTTGG TATAAAGATA CTAGAACAGG AAAAACAATA TGTAAACAGA CAATTGACAC AGCAAGTTAT ACATTTGGTG TAATGGCAGA AGGATGGGGA AAAACATTCC ACTAA 172 Lactocyclicin Q Unclassified MKLIDHLGA Lactococcus 173 ATGAAATTAA PRWAVDTIL sp. QU 12 TTGATCATTTA GAIAVGNLA GGTGCTCCAA SWVLALVPG GATGGGCCGT PGWAVKAG TGATACTATTT LATAAAIVK TAGGTGCAAT HQGKAAAA CGCAGTTGGG AW AACTTAGCAA GTTGGGTTCT AGCGCTTGTC CCTGGTCCAG GGTGGGCAGT AAAAGCTGGT TTAGCAACTG CTGCTGCCAT CGTTAAACAT CAAGGTAAAG CTGCCGCTGC TGCTTGGTAA 174 Laterosporulin Unclassified MACQCPDAI Brevibacillus 175 ATGGCTTGCC SGWTHTDY sp. GI-9 AATGTCCAGA QCHGLENK TGCGATCTCA MYRHVYAIC GGTTGGACGC MNGTQVYC ATACAGATTA RTEWGSSC CCAGTGTCAC GGTTTGGAGA ATAAAATGTA TAGACATGTT TATGCAATTT GCATGAACGG TACTCAAGTA TATTGCAGAA CAGAGTGGGG TAGCAGCTGC TAG 176 Leucocin N Class IId MNKEYNSIS Leuconostoc 177 ATGAATAAAG NFKKITNKD pseudomesenteroides AATATAATAG LQNINGGFIG CATTAGCAAT RAIGDFVYF TTTAAAAAAA GAKGLRESG TTACTAATAA KLLNYYYKH AGACTTGCAA KH AACATAAATG GTGGATTTATT GGTAGGGCAA TAGGTGACTT TGTGTACTTTG GAGCGAAGGG ACTAAGAGAA TCTGGTAAAC TACTTAATTAT TACTATAAGC ATAAGCATTGA 178 Leucocin Q Class IId MKNQLMSFE Leuconostoc 179 ATGAAAAATC VISEKELSTV pseudomesenteroides AGTTAATGTC QGGKGLGKL TTTCGAAGTG IGIDWLLGQ ATATCAGAAA AKDAVKQY AAGAATTGTC KKDYKRWH CACGGTACAA GGTGGCAAAG GCTTAGGTAA ACTCATAGGA ATTGATTGGC TTTTGGGTCA AGCTAAGGAC GCTGTTAAAC AGTACAAGAA GGATTACAAA CGTTGGCACT AA 180 Leucocin-A class MMNMKPTE Leuconostoc 181 ATGATGAACA (Leucocin IIA/YG SYEQLDNSA gelidum TGAAACCTAC A-UAL NGV LEQVVGGK GGAAAGCTAT 187) YYGNGVHC GAGCAATTGG TKSGCSVNW ATAATAGTGC GEAFSAGVH TCTCGAACAA RLANGGNGFW GTCGTAGGAG GTAAGTATTA TGGTAACGGA GTTCATTGCA CAAAAAGTGG TTGTTCTGTAA ACTGGGGAGA AGCCTTTTCA GCTGGAGTAC ATCGTTTAGC AAATGGTGGA AATGGTTTCT GGTAA 182 Leucocin-B class MNNMKSAD Leuconostoc 183 ATGAATAACA (Leucocin IIA/YG NYQQLDNN carnosum TGAAATCTGC B-Ta11a) NGV ALEQVVGGK GGATAATTAT YYGNGVHC CAGCAATTGG TKSGCSVNW ATAATAATGC GEAFSAGVH TCTCGAACAA RLANGGNGFW GTCGTAGGAG GTAAGTATTA TGGTAACGGA GTTCATTGCA CAAAAAGTGG TTGTTCTGTAA ACTGGGGAGA AGCCTTTTCA GCTGGAGTAC ATCGTTTAGC AAATGGTGGA AATGGTTTCT GGTAA 184 Leucocyclicin Q Unclassifled MFLVNQLGI Leuconostoc 185 ATGTTCTTGGT SKSLANTILG mesenteroides AAATCAGTTA AIAVGNLAS GGGATTTCAA WLLALVPGP AATCGTTAGC GWATKAAL TAATACTATTC ATAETIVKH TTGGTGCAAT EGKAAAIAW TGCTGTTGGT AATTTGGCCA GTTGGTTATTA GCTTTGGTTCC TGGTCCGGGT TGGGCAACAA AAGCAGCACT TGCGACAGCT GAAACAATTG TGAAGCATGA AGGAAAAGCA GCTGCTATTG CGTGGTAA 186 Lichenicidin Lantibiotic MSKKEMILS Bacillus 187 ATGTCAAAAA A1 (two- WKNPMYRT licheniformis AGGAAATGAT peptide) ESSYHPAGNI (strain DSM TCTTTCATGGA LKELQEEEQ 13/ATCC AAAATCCTAT HSIAGGTITL 14580) GTATCGCACT STCAILSKPL GAATCTTCTTA GNNGYLCTV TCATCCAGCA TKECMPSCN GGGAACATCC TTAAAGAACT CCAGGAAGAG GAACAGCACA GCATCGCCGG AGGCACAATC ACGCTCAGCA CTTGTGCCATC TTGAGCAAGC CGTTAGGAAA TAACGGATAC CTGTGTACAG TGACAAAAGA ATGCATGCCA AGCTGTAACT AA 188 Linocin Unclassified MNNLYRELA Brevibacterium 189 GTGAATAACC M18 PIPGPAWAEI linens TCTATCGCGA EEEARRTFK GCTTGCCCCC RNIAGRRIV ATCCCCGGCC DVAGPTGFE CGGCCTGGGC TSAVTTGHI GGAGATCGAG RDVQSETSG GAGGAGGCTC LQVKQRIVQ GACGGACATT EYIELRTPFT CAAACGCAAT VTRQAIDDV ATCGCCGGCC ARGSGDSD GCCGGATCGT WQPVKDAA CGATGTCGCA TTIAMAEDR GGGCCCACGG AILHGLDAA GCTTCGAGAC GIGGIVPGSS CTCCGCGGTG NAAVAIPDA ACCACTGGCC VEDFADAVA ACATCCGAGA QALSVLRTV CGTCCAGTCG GVDGPYSLL GAGACGAGCG LSSAEYTKV GACTGCAGGT SESTDHGYPI TAAGCAGCGC REHLSRQLG ATCGTGCAGG AGEIIWAPAL AATACATCGA EGALLVSTR GCTGCGGACC GGDYELHLG CCATTCACCGT QDLSIGYYS GACTCGGCAG HDSETVELY GCCATCGATG LQETFGFLA ACGTGGCCCG LTDESSVPLSL CGGGTCCGGT GACTCGGACT GGCAGCCCGT CAAGGATGCG GCCACGACGA TCGCGATGGC TGAAGATCGG GCCATTCTCCA CGGGCTCGAT GCGGCCGGGA TCGGCGGAAT CGTTCCCGGC AGCTCGAATG CCGCAGTGGC CATCCCCGAC GCCGTCGAGG ACTTCGCGGA CGCCGTCGCC CAGGCGCTGA GTGTGCTGCG CACGGTGGGA GTCGACGGGC CCTACAGCCT GTTGCTCTCCT CCGCGGAGTA CACCAAGGTC TCCGAGTCCA CCGACCACGG CTACCCGATC CGCGAGCACC TCTCCCGGCA GCTCGGCGCC GGAGAGATCA TCTGGGCGCC CGCGCTCGAA GGGGCGCTGC TCGTCTCCAC GCGCGGGGGT GACTACGAGC TCCACCTCGG CCAGGACCTG TCGATCGGTT ACTACAGCCA CGACAGCGAG ACCGTCGAAC TCTATCTGCA GGAGACCTTC GGATTCCTCG CGCTGACCGA CGAATCCAGT GTGCCTTTGA GCCTCTGA 190 Listeriocin Class IIa MKKAALKFII Listeria 191 TTGAAGAAGG 743A VIAILGFSFSF innocua CAGCGTTAAA FSIQSEAKSY ATTTATTATTG GNGVQCNK TTATTGCTATT KKCWVDWG CTAGGTTTCA SAISTIGNNS GTTTTTCTTTC AANWATGG TTTAGCATAC AAGWKS AATCTGAAGC TAAATCTTATG GAAATGGAGT TCAGTGTAAT AAGAAAAAAT GTTGGGTAGA TTGGGGTAGT GCTATAAGTA CTATTGGAAA TAATTCTGCA GCGAATTGGG CTACAGGTGG AGCAGCTGGT TGGAAAAGCT GA 192 Mersacidin Lantibiotic, MSQEAIIRS Bacillus sp. 193 ATGAGTCAAG type B WKDPFSREN (strain HIL- AAGCTATCAT STQNPAGNP Y85/54728) TCGTTCATGG FSELKEAQM AAAGATCCTT DKLVGAGD TTTCCCGTGA MEAACTFTL AAATTCTACA PGGGGVCTL CAAAATCCAG TSECIC CTGGTAACCC ATTCAGTGAG CTGAAAGAAG CACAAATGGA TAAGTTAGTA GGTGCGGGAG ACATGGAAGC AGCATGTACT TTTACATTGCC TGGTGGCGGC GGTGTTTGTA CTCTAACTTCT GAATGTATTT GTTAA 194 Mesentericin class MTNMKSVE Leuconostoc 195 ATGACGAATA Y105 IIA/YG AYQQLDNQ mesenteroides TGAAGTCTGT NGV NLKKVVGG GGAAGCATAT KYYGNGVH CAGCAATTAG CTKSGCSVN ATAACCAGAA WGEAASAGI TCTCAAGAAA HRLANGGN GTTGTTGGTG GFW GAAAGTATTA TGGGAATGGT GTTCACTGTA CAAAAAGTGG ATGCTCTGTTA ACTGGGGAGA AGCTGCCTCA GCTGGCATAC ATCGTTTGGC CAATGGTGGA AATGGATTTT GGTAA 196 Michiganin-A Lantibiotic MNDILETET Clavibacter 197 ATGAACGACA PVMVSPRW michiganensis TCCTCGAGAC DMLLDAGE subsp. GGAGACCCCC DTSPSVQTQI michiganensis GTCATGGTCA DAEFRRVVS GCCCCCGGTG PYMSSSGWL GGACATGCTG CTLTIECGTII CTCGACGCGG CACR GCGAGGACAC CAGCCCGTCC GTCCAGACCC AGATCGACGC GGAGTTCCGT CGCGTCGTGA GCCCGTACAT GTCCAGCAGC GGCTGGCTCT GCACGCTCAC CATCGAATGT GGCACCATCA TCTGCGCGTG TCGCTGA 198 Microcin Unclassified MELKASEFG Escherichia 199 ATGGAATTAA B17 VVLSVDALK coli AAGCGAGTGA (MccB17) LSRQSPLGV ATTTGGTGTA GIGGGGGGG GTTTTGTCCGT GGGSCGGQ TGATGCTCTTA GGGCGGCSN AATTATCACG GCSGGNGGS CCAGTCTCCAT GGSGSHI TAGGTGTTGG CATTGGTGGT GGTGGCGGCG GCGGCGGCGG CGGTAGCTGC GGTGGTCAAG GTGGCGGTTG TGGTGGTTGC AGCAACGGTT GTAGTGGTGG AAACGGTGGC AGCGGCGGAA GTGGTTCACA TATC 200 Microcin Unclassified MRTGNAN Escherichia 201 ATGCGTACTG C7 coli GTAATGCAAA CTAA 202 Microcin Unclassified MREISQKDL Klebsiella 203 ATGAGAGAAA E492 NLAFGAGET pneumoniae TTAGTCAAAA DPNTQLLND GGACTTAAAT LGNNMAWG CTTGCTTTTGG AALGAPGGL TGCAGGAGAG GSAALGAAG ACCGATCCAA GALQTVGQ ATACTCAACTT GLIDHGPVN CTAAACGACC VPIPVLIGPS TTGGAAATAA WNGSGSGY TATGGCATGG NSATSSSGS GGTGCTGCTC GS TTGGCGCTCCT GGCGGATTAG GATCAGCAGC TTTGGGGGCC GCGGGAGGTG CATTACAAAC TGTAGGGCAA GGATTAATTG ACCATGGTCC TGTAAATGTC CCCATCCCTGT ACTCATCGGG CCAAGCTGGA ATGGTAGCGG TAGTGGTTAT AACAGCGCAA CATCCAGTTCC GGTAGTGGTA GTTAA 204 Microcin Unclassified MREITESQL Escherichia 205 ATGCGAGAAA H47 RYISGAGGA coli TAACAGAATC PATSANAAG ACAGTTAAGA AAAIVGALA TATATTTCCGG GIPGGPLGV GGCGGGAGGT VVGAVSAGL GCGCCAGCGA TTAIGSTVGS CTTCAGCTAAT GSASSSAGG GCCGCAGGTG GS CTGCAGCTAT TGTTGGAGCT CTCGCCGGAA TACCTGGTGG TCCACTTGGG GTTGTAGTTG GAGCCGTATC TGCCGGTTTG ACAACAGCAA TTGGCTCGAC CGTGGGAAGT GGTAGTGCCA GTTCTTCTGCT GGTGGCGGTA GCTAA 206 Microcin Unclassified MIKHFHFNK Escherichia 207 ATGATTAAGC J25 LSSGKKNNV coli ATTTTCATTTT PSPAKGVIQI AATAAACTGT KKSASQLTK CTTCTGGTAA GGAGHVPEY AAAAAATAAT FVGIGTPISF GTTCCATCTCC YG TGCAAAGGGG GTTATACAAA TAAAAAAATC AGCATCGCAA CTCACAAAAG GTGGTGCAGG ACATGTGCCT GAGTATTTTGT GGGGATTGGT ACACCTATAT CTTTCTATGGC TGA 208 Microcin- Unclassified MYMRELDR Escherichia 209 ATGTATATGA 24 EELNCVGGA coli GAGAGTTAGA GDPLADPNS TAGAGAGGAA QIVRQIMSN TTAAATTGCG AAWGPPLVP TTGGTGGGGC ERFRGMAVG TGGAGATCCG AAGGVTQT CTTGCAGATC VLQGAAAH CTAATTCCCA MPVNVPIPK AATTGTAAGA VPMGPSWN CAGATAATGT GSKG CTAATGCGGC ATGGGGCCCG CCTTTGGTGCC AGAGCGGTTT AGGGGAATGG CTGTTGGAGC CGCAGGTGGG GTTACGCAGA CAGTTCTTCAA GGAGCAGCAG CTCATATGCC GGTTAATGTC CCTATACCTA AAGTTCCGAT GGGACCCTCA TGGAACGGAA GTAAAGGATAA 210 Mundticin Unclassified MSQVVGGK Enterococcus 211 ATGTCACAGG KS YYGNGVSC mundtii TAGTAGGTGG NKKGCSVD AAAATACTAC WGKAIGIIGN GGTAATGGAG NSAANLATG TCTCATGTAAT GAAGWKS AAAAAAGGGT GCAGTGTTGA TTGGGGAAAA GCGATTGGCA TTATTGGAAA TAATTCTGCTG CGAATTTAGC TACTGGTGGA GCAGCTGGTT GGAAAAGTTAA 212 Mundticin L class MKKLTSKE Enterococcus 213 TTGAAGAAAT IIA/YG MAQVVGGK mundtii TAACATCAAA NGV YYGNGLSCN AGAAATGGCA KKGCSVDW CAAGTAGTAG GKAIGIIGNN GTGGGAAATA SAANLATGG CTACGGTAAT AAGWKS GGATTATCAT GTAATAAAAA AGGGTGCAGT GTTGATTGGG GAAAAGCTAT TGGCATTATT GGAAATAATT CTGCTGCGAA TTTAGCTACTG GTGGAGCAGC TGGTTGGAAA AGTTAA 214 Mutacin Lantibiotic MSNTQLLEV Streptococcus 215 ATGTCAAACA 1140 LGTETFDVQ mutans CACAATTATT (Mutacin EDLFAFDTT AGAAGTCCTT III) DTTIVASND GGTACTGAAA DPDTRFKSW CTTTTGATGTT SLCTPGCAR CAAGAAGATC TGSFNSYCC TCTTTGCTTTT GATACAACAG ATACTACTATT GTGGCAAGCA ACGACGATCC AGATACTCGT TTCAAAAGTT GGAGCCTTTG TACGCCTGGT TGTGCAAGGA CAGGTAGTTT CAATAGTTAC TGTTGCTGA 216 Mutacin-2 Lantibiotic MNKLNSNA Streptococcus 217 ATGAACAAGT VVSLNEVSD mutans TAAACAGTAA SELDTILGGN CGCAGTAGTT RWWQGVVP TCTTTGAATG TVSYECRMN AAGTTTCAGA SWQHVFTCC TTCTGAATTG GATACTATTTT GGGTGGTAAT CGTTGGTGGC AAGGTGTTGT GCCAACGGTC TCATATGAGT GTCGCATGAA TTCATGGCAA CATGTTTTCAC TTGCTGTTAA 218 Nisin A Lantibiotic MSTKDFNLD Lactococcus 219 ATGAGTACAA LVSVSKKDS lactis subsp. AAGATTTTAA GASPRITSISL lactis CTTGGATTTG CTPGCKTGA (Streptococcus GTATCTGTTTC LMGCNMKT lactis) GAAGAAAGAT ATCHCSIHV TCAGGTGCAT SK CACCACGCAT TACAAGTATTT CGCTATGTAC ACCCGGTTGT AAAACAGGAG CTCTGATGGG TTGTAACATG AAAACAGCAA CTTGTCATTGT AGTATTCACG TAAGCAAATAA 220 Nisin F Lantibiotic MSTKDFNLD Lactococcus 221 ATGAGTACAA LVSVSKKDS lactis AAGATTTCAA GASPRITSISL CTTGGATTTG CTPGCKTGA GTATCTGTTTC LMGCNMKT GAAGAAAGAT ATCNCSVHV TCAGGTGCAT SK CACCACGCAT TACAAGTATTT CGCTATGTAC ACCCGGTTGT AAAACAGGAG CTCTGATGGG TTGTAACATG AAAACAGCAA CTTGTAATTGT AGCGTTCACG TAAGCAAA 222 Nisin Q Lantibiotic MSTKDFNLD Lactococcus 223 ATGAGTACAA LVSVSKTDS lactis AAGATTTCAA GASTRITSIS CTTAGATTTG LCTPGCKTG GTATCTGTTTC VLMGCNLKT AAAAACAGAT ATCNCSVHV TCTGGCGCTTC SK AACACGTATT ACCAGCATTT CGCTTTGTAC ACCAGGTTGT AAAACAGGTG TTCTGATGGG ATGTAACCTG AAAACAGCAA CTTGTAATTGT AGCGTTCACG TAAGCAAATAA 224 Nisin U Lantibiotic MNNEDFNL Streptococcus 225 ATGAACAATG DLIKISKENN uberis AAGATTTTAA SGASPRITSK TTTGGATCTCA SLCTPGCKT TCAAAATCTC GILMTCPLK AAAGGAAAAC TATCGCHFG AACTCAGGAG CTTCACCTCGA ATAACTAGTA AATCATTATGT ACTCCTGGAT GTAAGACGGG TATTTTGATGA CTTGTCCACTA AAAACTGCAA CCTGTGGTTG TCATTTTGGAT AA 226 Nisin Z Lantibiotic MSTKDFNLD Lactococcus 227 ATGAGTACAA LVSVSKKDS lactis subsp. AAGATTTTAA GASPRITSISL lactis CTTGGATTTG CTPGCKTGA (Streptococcus GTATCTGTTTC LMGCNMKT lactis) GAAGAAAGAT ATCNCSIHV TCAGGTGCAT SK CACCACGCAT TACAAGTATTT CGCTATGTAC ACCCGGTTGT AAAACAGGAG CTCTGATGGG TTGTAACATG AAAACAGCAA CTTGTAATTGT AGTATTCACG TAAGCAAATAA 228 Nukacin Lantibiotic MENSKVMK Staphylococcus 229 ATGGAAAATT ISK-1 DIEVANLLE warneri CTAAAGTTAT EVQEDELNE GAAGGACATT VLGAKKKSG GAAGTAGCAA VIPTVSHDC ATTTATTAGA HIMNSFQFVF AGAGGTTCAA TCCS GAAGATGAAT TGAATGAAGT CTTAGGAGCT AAGAAAAAGT CAGGAGTAAT CCCAACTGTG TCACACGATT GCCATATGAA TTCTTTCCAAT TTGTATTTACT TGTTGTTCATAA 230 Paenicidin A Lantibiotic MAENLFDLD Paenibacillus 231 ATGGCTGAAA IQVNKSQGS polymyxa ACTTATTTGAT VEPQVLSIV (Bacillus CTGGACATTC ACSSGCGSG polymyxa) AAGTAAACAA KTAASCVET ATCTCAAGGT CGNRCFTNV TCTGTAGAGC GSLC CTCAGGTTCT GAGCATTGTT GCATGTTCTA GCGGATGTGG TAGCGGTAAA ACAGCTGCCA GTTGTGTTGA AACTTGTGGC AACCGGTGCT TTACTAACGTT GGTTCACTCT GCTAA 232 Pediocin class MKKIEKLTE Pediococcus 233 ATGAAAAAAA PA-1 IIA/YG KEMANIIGG acidilactici TTGAAAAATT (Pediocin NGV KYYGNGVT AACTGAAAAA ACH) CGKHSCSVD GAAATGGCCA WGKATTCII ATATCATTGG NNGAMAWA TGGTAAATAC TGGHQGNH TACGGTAATG KC GGGTTACTTG TGGCAAACAT TCCTGCTCTGT TGACTGGGGT AAGGCTACCA CTTGCATAATC AATAATGGAG CTATGGCATG GGCTACTGGT GGACATCAAG GTAATCATAA ATGCTAG 234 Penocin A class MTEIKVLND Pediococcus 235 ATGACTGAAA IIA/YG KELKNVVGG pentosaceus TTAAAGTACT NGV KYYGNGVH (strain ATCC AAACGATAAG CGKKTCYVD 25745/183- GAACTAAAAA WGQATASIG 1w) ATGTCGTAGG KIIVNGWTQ AGGAAAGTAT HGPWAHR TACGGTAACG GAGTGCATTG TGGTAAAAAG ACTTGCTATGT GGACTGGGGA CAAGCTACAG CTAGCATTGG AAAAATTATA GTGAACGGAT GGACACAACA CGGGCCTTGG GCACATAGAT AA 236 Pep5 Lantibiotic MKNNKNLF Staphylococcus 237 ATGAAAAATA DLEIKKETSQ epidermidis ACAAAAATTT NTDELEPQT ATTTGATTTAG AGPAIRASV AAATTAAAAA KQCQKTLKA AGAAACAAGT TRLFTVSCK CAAAACACTG GKNGCK ATGAACTTGA ACCTCAAACT GCTGGACCAG CGATTAGAGC TTCTGTGAAA CAATGTCAGA AAACTTTGAA AGCTACGCGT TTATTTACAGT GTCTTGCAAA GGAAAAAACG GATGTAAATAG 238 Piscicolin class MKTVKELSV Carnobacterium 239 ATGAAAACTG 126 IIA/YG KEMQLTTGG maltaromaticum TTAAAGAACT NGV KYYGNGVS (Carnobacterium TAGCGTTAAA CNKNGCTV piscicola) GAAATGCAAC DWSKAIGIIG TAACTACAGG NNAAANLTT AGGTAAGTAT GGAAGWNKG TACGGAAATG GCGTTTCCTGT AATAAAAATG GTTGTACTGT AGATTGGAGC AAAGCTATTG GGATTATAGG AAACAATGCA GCAGCAAATT TGACTACAGG TGGAGCCGCT GGTTGGAACA AAGGATAA 240 Plantaricin Unclassified MYKELTVDE Lactobacillus 241 ATGTATAAAG 1.25 β LALIDGGKK plantarum AATTAACAGT KKKKVACT TGATGAATTA WGNAATAA GCATTGATTG ASGAVXGIL ATGGAGGAAA GGPTGALAG AAAGAAGAAG AIWGVSQCA AAAAAAGTAG SNNLHGMH CTTGTACTTGG GGAAATGCAG CAACAGCCGC TGCTTCTGGT GCAGTTANGG GTATTCTTGGT GGGCCTACTG GTGCACTGGC TGGAGCTATC TGGGGCGTTT CACAATGCGC GTCTAACAAC TTACACGGCA TGCACTAA 242 Plantaricin class IIa MMKKIEKLT Lactobacillus 243 ATGATGAAAA 423 EKEMANIIG plantarum AAATTGAAAA GKYYGNGV ATTAACTGAA TCGKHSCSV AAAGAAATGG NWGQAFSCS CCAATATCATT VSHLANFGH GGTGGTAAAT GKC ACTATGGTAA TGGGGTTACT TGTGGTAAAC ATTCCTGCTCT GTTAACTGGG GCCAAGCATT TTCTTGTAGTG TGTCACATTTA GCTAACTTCG GTCATGGAAA GTGCTAA 244 Plantaricin Unclassified MSKLVKTLT Lactobacillus 245 ATGAGTAAAC ASM1 VDEISKIQTN plantarum TAGTTAAAAC GGKPAWCW ATTAACTGTC YTLAMCGA GATGAAATCT GYDSGTCDY CTAAGATTCA MYSHCFGVK AACCAATGGT HSSGGGGSY GGAAAACCTG HC CATGGTGTTG GTACACATTG GCAATGTGCG GTGCTGGTTA TGATTCAGGC ACTTGTGATT ATATGTATTCA CACTGCTTTG GTGTAAAACA CTCTAGCGGT GGTGGCGGTA GCTACCATTG TTAG 246 Plantaricin E Unclassified MLQFEKLQY Lactobacillus 247 ATGCTACAGT SRLPQKKLA plantarum TTGAGAAATT KISGGFNRG ACAATATTCC GYNFGKSVR AGGTTGCCGC HVVDAIGSV AAAAAAAGCT AGIRGILKSIR TGCCAAAATA TCTGGTGGTTT TAATCGGGGC GGTTATAACT TTGGTAAAAG TGTTCGACAT GTTGTTGATG CAATTGGTTC AGTTGCAGGC ATTCGTGGTA TTTTGAAAAG TATTCGTTAA 248 Plantaricin F Class IIb MKKFLVLRD Lactobacillus 249 ATGAAAAAAT RELNAISGG plantarum TTCTAGTTTTG VFHAYSARG CGTGACCGTG VRNNYKSAV AATTAAATGC GPADWVISA TATTTCAGGT VRGFIHG GGCGTTTTCC ATGCCTATAG CGCGCGTGGC GTTCGGAATA ATTATAAAAG TGCTGTTGGG CCTGCCGATT GGGTCATTAG CGCTGTCCGA GGATTCATCC ACGGATAG 250 Plantaricin J Class IIb MTVNKMIK Lactobacillus 251 ATGACTGTGA DLDVVDAFA plantarum ACAAAATGAT PISNNKLNG TAAGGATTTG VVGGGAWK GATGTAGTAG NFWSSLRKG ATGCATTTGC FYDGEAGRA ACCTATTTCTA IRR ATAATAAGTT GAACGGGGTT GTTGGGGGAG GCGCTTGGAA AAATTTCTGG TCTAGTTTAA GAAAAGGATT TTATGATGGC GAAGCTGGCA GAGCAATCCG TCGTTAA 252 Plantaricin K Unclassified MKIKLTVLN Lactobacillus 253 ATGAAAATTA EFEELTADA plantarum AATTAACTGTT EKNISGGRR TTAAATGAAT SRKNGIGYAI TTGAAGAATT GYAFGAVER AACTGCTGAC AVLGGSRDY GCTGAAAAGA NK ATATTTCTGGT GGCCGTCGGA GTCGTAAAAA TGGAATTGGA TACGCTATTG GTTATGCGTTT GGCGCGGTTG AACGGGCCGT GCTTGGTGGT TCAAGGGATT ATAATAAGTGA 254 Plantaricin Unclassified MDKFEKIST Lactobacillus 255 ATGGATAAAT NC8α SNLEKISGG plantarum TTGAAAAAAT DLTTKLWSS TAGTACATCT WGYYLGKK AACCTAGAAA ARWNLKHP AGATCTCTGG YVQF CGGTGATTTA ACAACCAAGT TATGGAGCTC TTGGGGATAT TATCTTGGCA AGAAAGCACG TTGGAATTTA AAGCACCCAT ATGTTCAATTT 256 Plantaricin Unclassified MNNLNKFST Lactobacillus 257 ATGAATAACT NC8β LGKSSLSQIE plantarum TGAATAAATT GGSVPTSVY TTCTACTCTAG TLGIKILWSA GCAAGAGTAG YKHRKTIEK CTTGTCTCAAA SFNKGFYH TTGAGGGCGG ATCAGTCCCA ACTTCAGTAT ATACGCTTGG AATTAAAATT CTATGGTCTG CGTATAAGCA TCGCAAAACG ATTGAAAAAA GTTTTAATAA AGGCTTTTATC ATTAA 258 Plantaricin Unclassified MNNALSFEQ Lactobacillus 259 ATGAATAACG Sα QFTDFSTLSD plantarum CATTAAGTTTT SELESVEGG GAACAACAAT RNKLAYNM TTACAGACTTC GHYAGKATI AGCACCTTAT FGLAAWALLA CGGACTCTGA ATTAGAATCC GTTGAGGGTG GCCGAAATAA GCTTGCATAT AATATGGGGC ATTACGCTGG TAAGGCAACC ATTTTTGGACT TGCAGCATGG GCACTCCTTG CATGA 260 Plantaricin Unclassified MDKIIKFQGI Lactobacillus 261 ATGGATAAGA Sβ SDDQLNAVI plantarum TTATTAAGTTT GGKKKKQS CAAGGGATTT WYAAAGDAI CTGATGATCA VSFGEGFLN ATTAAATGCT AW GTTATCGGTG GGAAAAAGAA AAAACAATCT TGGTACGCAG CAGCTGGTGA TGCAATCGTT AGTTTTGGTG AAGGATTTTT AAATGCTTGG TAA 262 Plantaricin Lantibiotic MKISKIEAQ Lactobacillus 263 ATGAAAATTT Wα (two- ARKDFFKKI plantarum CTAAGATTGA peptide) DTNSNLLNV AGCTCAGGCT NGAKCKWW CGTAAAGATT NISCDLGNN TTTTTAAAAA GHVCTLSHE AATCGATACT CQVSCN AACTCGAACT TATTAAATGT AAATGGTGCC AAATGCAAGT GGTGGAATAT TTCGTGTGATT TAGGAAATAA TGGCCATGTTT GTACCTTGTC ACATGAATGC CAAGTATCTT GTAACTAA 264 Plantaricin Lantibiotic MTKTSRRKN Lactobacillus 265 ATGACTAAAA Wβ (two- AIANYLEPV plantarum CTAGTCGTCG peptide) DEKSINESFG TAAGAATGCT AGDPEARSG ATTGCTAATTA IPCTIGAAVA TTTAGAACCA ASIAVCPTTK GTCGACGAAA CSKRCGKRKK AAAGTATTAA TGAATCTTTTG GGGCTGGGGA TCCGGAAGCA AGATCCGGAA TTCCATGTACA ATCGGCGCAG CTGTCGCAGC ATCAATTGCA GTTTGTCCAA CTACTAAGTG TAGTAAACGT TGTGGCAAGC GTAAGAAATAA 266 Plantaricin-A Unclassified MKIQIKGMK Lactobacillus 267 ATGAAAATTC QLSNKEMQK plantarum AAATTAAAGG IVGGKSSAY (strain ATCC TATGAAGCAA SLQMGATAI BAA-793/ CTTAGTAATA KQVKKLFKK NCIMB AGGAAATGCA WGW 8826/ AAAAATAGTA WCFS1) GGTGGAAAGA GTAGTGCGTA TTCTTTGCAGA TGGGGGCAAC TGCAATTAAA CAGGTAAAGA AACTGTTTAA AAAATGGGGA TGGTAA 268 Propionicin Unclassified MNKTHKMA Propionibacterium 269 ATGAACAAAA SM1 TLVIAAILAA jensenii CACACAAAAT GMTAPTAYA GGCGACGCTG DSPGNTRITA GTAATTGCCG SEQSVLTQIL CGATCTTGGC GHKPTQTEY CGCCGGAATG NRYVETYGS ACCGCACCAA VPTEADINA CTGCCTATGC YIEASESEGS AGATTCTCCT SSQTAAHDD GGAAACACCA STSPGTSTEI GAATTACAGC YTQAAPARF CAGCGAGCAA SMFFLSGTW AGCGTCCTTA ITRSGVVSLS CCCAGATACT LKPRKGGIG CGGCCACAAA NEGDERTW CCTACACAAA KTVYDKFHN CTGAATATAA AGQWTRYK CCGATACGTT NNGVDASM GAGACTTACG KKQYMCHF GAAGCGTACC KYGMVKTP GACCGAAGCA WNLEPHKK GACATCAACG AADVSPVKCN CATATATAGA AGCGTCTGAA TCTGAGGGAT CATCAAGTCA AACGGCTGCT CACGATGACT CGACATCACC CGGCACGAGT ACCGAAATCT ACACGCAGGC AGCCCCTGCC AGGTTCTCAA TGTTTTTCCTG TCCGGAACTT GGATCACTAG GAGTGGTGTA GTATCGCTCTC CTTGAAGCCA AGGAAGGGTG GTATTGGCAA CGAGGGGGAC GAGCGTACCT GGAAGACTGT ATACGACAAA TTCCATAACG CTGGGCAATG GACACGATAC AAGAACAACG GCGTAGACGC CAGCATGAAA AAGCAGTACA TGTGCCACTTC AAGTACGGGA TGGTGAAGAC GCCATGGAAT CTGGAGCCCC ACAAGAAGGC TGCAGACGTC AGTCCAGTCA AGTGCAACTAG 270 Propionicin Unclassified MKKTLLRSG Propionibacterium 271 ATGAAGAAGA T1 TIALATAAAF thoenii CCCTCCTGCG GASLAAAPS AAGTGGAACG AMAVPGGC ATCGCACTGG TYTRSNRDV CGACCGCGGC IGTCKTGSG TGCATTTGGC QFRIRLDCN GCATCATTGG NAPDKTSVW CAGCCGCCCC AKPKVMVS ATCTGCCATG VHCLVGQPR GCCGTTCCTG SISFETK GTGGTTGCAC GTACACAAGA AGCAATCGCG ACGTCATCGG TACCTGCAAG ACTGGAAGCG GCCAGTTCCG AATCCGACTT GACTGCAACA ACGCTCCAGA CAAAACTTCA GTCTGGGCCA AGCCCAAGGT AATGGTGTCG GTTCACTGTCT TGTTGGTCAA CCGAGGTCCA TCTCGTTCGA GACCAAGTGA 272 Propionicin-F Unclassified MNTKAVNL Propionibacterium 273 ATGAATACCA KSENTTKLV freudenreichii AAGCTGTAAA SYLTENQLD subsp. TCTGAAGTCA EFIRRIRIDG freudenreichii GAAAACACGA ALVEEVSQN CTAAGTTGGT AKQALDNTG GAGCTACCTT LNGWINTDC ACGGAAAATC DEGLLSDFIS AATTGGATGA KIASARWIPL GTTTATTAGA AESIRPAVTD AGGATTCGCA RDKYRVSC TTGATGGCGC WFYQGMNI TCTTGTGGAA AIYANIGGV GAGGTCAGTC ANIIGYTEAA AAAATGCTAA VATLLGAVV GCAGGCCTTA AVAPVVPGT GATAATACTG PTPPKDKSS GGCTCAATGG QYKEVPLAV CTGGATAAAT RLSETYHEE ACTGATTGCG GVRGLFDEL ATGAAGGCCT NYSESRMIS TCTCTCTGATT TLRRASTDG TCATTTCAAA VLINSWNDG GATAGCAAGT QDTILLKKY GCTAGATGGA NFQDLQLTV TTCCATTAGCT RSRIVGNQTI GAGTCAATTC IEECKITDGR GACCTGCGGT KTLSDETV GACTGACAGG GATAAGTATC GAGTAAGTTG CTGGTTCTACC AGGGGATGAA TATAGCAATTT ACGCAAATAT CGGTGGCGTG GCCAATATTA TCGGCTATAC GGAGGCCGCA GTCGCAACAC TCCTTGGTGC AGTTGTGGCG GTAGCTCCTG TGGTCCCTGG AACTCCAACC CCTCCAAAGG ACAAGAGTTC GCAATATAAG GAGGTTCCCC TTGCCGTTCGT CTTTCCGAAA CATACCACGA AGAGGGAGTA CGAGGTCTAT TCGACGAGCT GAACTACTCC GAGAGCCGTA TGATCTCTACT CTAAGGCGAG CATCAACCGA TGGAGTCCTA ATTAATTCTTG GAACGATGGG CAGGATACAA TTCTGCTTAAG AAGTACAATT TCCAAGACTT GCAACTGACT GTCAGGAGCC GCATTGTTGG GAATCAAACA ATAATTGAAG AATGCAAAAT CACTGATGGT AGAAAAACTC TTTCAGACGA GACTGTGTAG 274 Pyocin S1 Unclassified MARPIADLIH Pseudomonas 275 ATGGCACGAC FNSTTVTAS aeruginosa CCATTGCTGA GDVYYGPG CCTTATCCACT GGTGIGPIAR TCAACTCTAC PIEHGLDSST AACTGTCACG ENGWQEFES GCAAGCGGAG YADVGVDP ACGTTTATTAC RRYVPLQVK GGCCCTGGGG EKRREIELQF GAGGTACCGG RDAEKKLEA CATTGGCCCC SVQAELDKA ATTGCCAGAC DAALGPAKN CTATAGAGCA LAPLDVINRS CGGCTTGGAT LTIVGNALQ TCGTCCACTG QKNQKLLLN AAAATGGCTG QKKITSLGA GCAAGAGTTT KNFLTRTAE GAAAGTTATG EIGEQAVRE CTGATGTGGG GNINGPEAY CGTTGACCCC MRFLDREME AGACGCTATG GLTAAYNVK TTCCTCTTCAG LFTEAISSLQI GTTAAAGAAA RMNTLTAAK AACGCAGGGA ASIEAAAAN GATCGAGCTT KAREQAAAE CAGTTCCGAG AKRKAEEQA ATGCCGAGAA RQQAAIRAA AAAACTTGAG NTYAMPAN GCGTCGGTAC GSVVATAAG AAGCCGAGCT RGLIQVAQG GGATAAGGCT AASLAQAIS GATGCCGCTC DAIAVLGRV TTGGTCCGGC LASAPSVMA AAAGAATCTT VGFASLTYS GCACCATTGG SRTAEQWQ ACGTCATCAA DQTPDSVRY CCGCAGTCTG ALGMDAAK ACCATCGTTG LGLPPSVNL GAAACGCCCT NAVAKASGT CCAGCAAAAG VDLPMRLTN AATCAAAAAC EARGNTTTL TACTGCTGAA SVVSTDGVS TCAGAAGAAG VPKAVPVRM ATTACCAGCC AAYNATTGL TGGGTGCAAA YEVTVPSTT GAATTTCCTTA AEAPPLILTW CCCGTACGGC TPASPPGNQ GGAAGAGATC NPSSTTPVVP GGTGAACAAG KPVPVYEGA CGGTGCGAGA TLTPVKATP AGGCAATATT ETYPGVITLP AACGGGCCTG EDLIIGFPAD AAGCCTATAT SGIKPIYVMF GCGCTTCCTC RDPRDVPGA GACAGGGAAA ATGKGQPVS TGGAAGGTCT GNWLGAAS CACGGCAGCT QGEGAPIPSQ TATAACGTAA IADKLRGKT AACTCTTCACC FKNWRDFRE GAAGCGATCA QFWIAVAND GTAGTCTCCA PELSKQFNP GATCCGCATG GSLAVMRD AATACGTTGA GGAPYVRES CCGCCGCCAA EQAGGRIKIE AGCAAGTATT IHHKVRVAD GAGGCGGCCG GGGVYNMG CAGCAAACAA NLVAVTPKR GGCGCGTGAA HIEIHKGGK CAAGCAGCGG CTGAGGCCAA ACGCAAAGCC GAAGAGCAGG CCCGCCAGCA AGCGGCGATA AGAGCTGCCA ATACCTATGC CATGCCGGCC AATGGCAGCG TTGTCGCCAC CGCCGCAGGC CGGGGTCTGA TCCAGGTCGC ACAAGGCGCC GCATCCCTTG CTCAAGCGAT CTCCGATGCG ATTGCCGTCCT GGGCCGGGTC CTGGCTTCAG CACCCTCGGT GATGGCCGTG GGCTTTGCCA GTCTGACCTA CTCCTCCCGG ACTGCCGAGC AATGGCAGGA CCAAACGCCC GATAGCGTTC GTTACGCCCT GGGCATGGAT GCCGCTAAAT TGGGGCTTCC CCCAAGCGTA AACCTGAACG CGGTTGCAAA AGCCAGCGGT ACCGTCGATC TGCCGATGCG CCTGACCAAC GAGGCACGAG GCAACACGAC GACCCTTTCG GTGGTCAGCA CCGATGGTGT GAGCGTTCCG AAAGCCGTTC CGGTCCGGAT GGCGGCCTAC AATGCCACGA CAGGCCTGTA CGAGGTTACG GTTCCCTCTAC GACCGCAGAA GCGCCGCCAC TGATCCTGAC CTGGACGCCG GCGAGTCCTC CAGGAAACCA GAACCCTTCG AGTACCACTC CGGTCGTACC GAAGCCGGTG CCGGTATATG AGGGAGCGAC CCTTACACCG GTGAAGGCTA CCCCGGAAAC CTATCCTGGG GTGATTACAC TACCGGAAGA CCTGATCATC GGCTTCCCGG CCGACTCGGG GATCAAGCCG ATCTATGTGA TGTTCAGGGA TCCGCGGGAT GTACCTGGTG CTGCGACTGG CAAGGGACAG CCCGTCAGCG GTAATTGGCT CGGCGCCGCC TCTCAAGGTG AGGGGGCTCC AATTCCAAGC CAGATTGCGG ATAAACTACG TGGTAAGACA TTCAAAAACT GGCGGGACTT TCGGGAACAA TTCTGGATAG CTGTGGCTAA TGATCCTGAG TTAAGTAAAC AGTTTAATCCT GGTAGTTTAG CTGTAATGAG AGATGGAGGG GCTCCTTATGT CAGAGAGTCA GAACAGGCTG GCGGGAGAAT AAAGATCGAA ATCCACCACA AGGTTCGAGT AGCAGATGGA GGCGGCGTTT ACAATATGGG GAACCTTGTT GCAGTAACGC CAAAACGTCA TATAGAAATC CACAAGGGAG GGAAGTGA 276 Pyocin S2 colicin/pyosin MAVNDYEP Pseudomonas 277 ATGGCTGTCA nuclease GSMVITHVQ aeruginosa ATGATTACGA family GGGRDIIQYI (strain ATCC ACCTGGTTCG PARSSYGTPP 15692/ ATGGTTATTA FVPPGPSPYV PAO1/1C/ CACATGTGCA GTGMQEYR PRS 101/ GGGTGGTGGG KLRSTLDKS LMG 12228) CGTGACATAA HSELKKNLK TCCAGTATATT NETLKEVDE CCTGCTCGAT LKSEAGLPG CAAGCTACGG KAVSANDIR TACTCCACCAT DEKSIVDAL TTGTCCCACCA MDAKAKSL GGACCAAGTC KAIEDRPAN CGTATGTCGG LYTASDFPQ TACTGGAATG KSESMYQSQ CAGGAGTACA LLASRKFYG GGAAGCTAAG EFLDRHMSE AAGTACGCTT LAKAYSADI GATAAGTCCC YKAQIAILK ATTCAGAACT QTSQELENK CAAGAAAAAC ARSLEAEAQ CTGAAAAATG RAAAEVEAD AAACCCTGAA YKARKANV GGAGGTTGAT EKKVQSELD GAACTCAAGA QAGNALPQL GTGAAGCGGG TNPTPEQWL GTTGCCAGGT ERATQLVTQ AAAGCGGTCA AIANKKKLQ GTGCCAATGA TANNALIAK CATCCGCGAT APNALEKQK GAAAAGAGTA ATYNADLLV TCGTTGATGC DEIASLQARL ACTCATGGAT DKLNAETAR GCCAAAGCAA RKEIARQAAI AATCGCTAAA RAANTYAM GGCCATTGAG PANGSVVAT GATCGCCCGG AAGRGLIQV CCAATCTTTAT AQGAASLAQ ACGGCTTCAG AISDAIAVLG ACTTTCCTCAG RVLASAPSV AAGTCAGAGT MAVGFASLT CGATGTACCA YSSRTAEQW GAGTCAGTTG QDQTPDSVR CTGGCCAGCC YALGMDAA GAAAATTCTA KLGLPPSVN TGGAGAGTTC LNAVAKASG CTGGATCGCC TVDLPMRLT ATATGAGTGA NEARGNTTT GCTGGCCAAA LSVVSTDGV GCGTACAGCG SVPKAVPVR CCGATATCTAT MAAYNATT AAGGCGCAAA GLYEVTVPS TCGCTATCTTG TTAEAPPLIL AAACAAACGT TWTPASPPG CTCAAGAGCT NQNPSSTTP GGAGAATAAA VVPKPVPVY GCCCGGTCAT EGATLTPVK TGGAAGCAGA ATPETYPGVI AGCCCAGCGA TLPEDLIIGFP GCCGCTGCTG ADSGIKPIYV AGGTGGAGGC MFRDPRDVP GGACTACAAG GAATGKGQP GCCAGGAAGG VSGNWLGA CAAATGTCGA ASQGEGAPIP GAAAAAAGTG SQIADKLRG CAGTCCGAGC KTFKNWRDF TTGACCAGGC REQFWIAVA TGGGAATGCT NDPELSKQF TTGCCTCAACT NPGSLAVMR GACCAATCCA DGGAPYVRE ACGCCAGAGC SEQAGGRIKI AGTGGCTTGA EIHHKVRIA ACGCGCTACT DGGGVYNM CAACTGGTTA GNLVAVTPK CGCAGGCGAT RHIEIHKGGK CGCCAATAAG AAGAAATTGC AGACTGCAAA CAATGCCTTG ATTGCCAAGG CACCCAATGC ACTGGAGAAA CAAAAGGCAA CCTACAACGC CGATCTCCTA GTGGATGAAA TCGCCAGCCT GCAAGCACGG CTGGACAAGC TGAACGCCGA AACGGCAAGG CGCAAGGAAA TCGCTCGTCA AGCGGCGATC AGGGCTGCCA ATACTTATGCC ATGCCAGCCA ATGGCAGCGT TGTCGCCACC GCCGCAGGCC GGGGTCTGAT CCAGGTCGCA CAAGGCGCCG CATCCCTTGCT CAAGCGATCT CCGATGCGAT TGCCGTCCTG GGCCGGGTCC TGGCTTCAGC ACCCTCGGTG ATGGCCGTGG GCTTTGCCAG TCTGACCTACT CCTCCCGGAC TGCCGAGCAA TGGCAGGACC AAACGCCCGA TAGCGTTCGTT ACGCCCTGGG CATGGATGCC GCTAAATTGG GGCTTCCCCC AAGCGTAAAC CTGAACGCGG TTGCAAAAGC CAGCGGTACC GTCGATCTGC CGATGCGCCT GACCAACGAG GCACGAGGCA ACACGACGAC CCTTTCGGTG GTCAGCACCG ATGGTGTGAG CGTTCCGAAA GCCGTTCCGG TCCGGATGGC GGCCTACAAT GCCACGACAG GCCTGTACGA GGTTACGGTT CCCTCTACGA CCGCAGAAGC GCCGCCACTG ATCCTGACCT GGACGCCGGC GAGTCCTCCA GGAAACCAGA ACCCTTCGAG TACCACTCCG GTCGTACCGA AGCCGGTGCC GGTATATGAG GGAGCGACCC TTACACCGGT GAAGGCTACC CCGGAAACCT ATCCTGGGGT GATTACACTA CCGGAAGACC TGATCATCGG CTTCCCGGCC GACTCGGGGA TCAAGCCGAT CTATGTGATG TTCAGGGATC CGCGGGATGT ACCTGGTGCT GCGACTGGCA AGGGACAGCC CGTCAGCGGT AATTGGCTCG GCGCCGCCTC TCAAGGTGAG GGGGCTCCAA TTCCAAGCCA GATTGCGGAT AAACTACGTG GTAAGACATT CAAAAACTGG CGGGACTTTC GGGAACAATT CTGGATAGCT GTGGCTAATG ATCCTGAGTT AAGTAAACAG TTTAATCCTGG TAGTTTAGCT GTAATGAGAG ATGGAGGGGC TCCTTATGTCA GAGAGTCAGA ACAGGCTGGC GGGAGAATAA AGATCGAAAT CCACCACAAG GTTCGAATAG CAGATGGAGG CGGCGTTTAC AATATGGGGA ACCTTGTTGC AGTAACGCCA AAACGTCATA TAGAAATCCA CAAGGGAGGG AAGTGA 278 Ruminococcin-A Lantibiotic MRNDVLTLT Ruminococcus 279 ATGAGAAATG NPMEEKELE gnavus ACGTATTAAC QILGGGNGV ATTAACAAAC LKTISHECN CCAATGGAAG MNTWQFLFT AGAACGAACT CC GGAGCAGATC TTAGGTGGTG GCAATGGTGT GTTAAAAACG ATTAGCCACG AATGCAATAT GAACACATGG CAGTTCCTGTT TACTTGTTGCT AA 280 Sakacin G Class IIa MKNAKSLTI Lactobacillus 281 ATGAAAAACG QEMKSITGG sakei CAAAAAGCCT KYYGNGVS AACAATTCAA CNSHGCSVN GAAATGAAAT WGQAWTCG CTATTACAGG VNHLANGG TGGTAAATAC HGVC TATGGTAATG GCGTTAGCTG TAACTCTCAC GGCTGTTCAG TAAATTGGGG GCAAGCATGG ACTTGTGGAG TAAACCATCT AGCTAATGGC GGTCATGGAG TTTGTTAA 282 Sakacin-A class MNNVKELS Lactobacillus 283 ATGAATAATG IIA/YG MTELQTITG sakei TAAAAGAATT NGV GARSYGNG AAGTATGACA VYCNNKKC GAATTACAAA WVNRGEAT CAATTACCGG QSIIGGMISG CGGTGCTAGA WASGLAGM TCATATGGCA ACGGTGTTTA CTGTAATAAT AAAAAATGTT GGGTAAATCG GGGTGAAGCA ACGCAAAGTA TTATTGGTGG TATGATTAGC GGCTGGGCTA GTGGTTTAGC TGGAATGTAA 284 Sakacin-P class MEKFIELSLK Lactobacillus 285 ATGGAAAAGT (Sakacin IIA/YG EVTAITGGK sakei TTATTGAATTA 674) NGV YYGNGVHC TCTTTAAAAG GKHSCTVD AAGTAACAGC WGTAIGNIG AATTACAGGT NNAAANWA GGAAAATATT TGGNAGWNK ATGGTAACGG TGTACACTGT GGAAAACATT CATGTACCGT AGACTGGGGA ACAGCTATTG GAAATATCGG AAATAATGCA GCTGCAAACT GGGCCACAGG CGGAAACGCT GGCTGGAATA AATAA 286 Salivaricin 9 lantibiotic MKSTNNQSI Streptococcus 287 ATGAAATCAA AEIAAVNSL salivarius CAAATAATCA QEVSMEELD AAGTATCGCA QIIGAGNGV GAAATTGCAG VLTLTHECN CAGTAAACTC LATWTKKLK ACTACAAGAA CC GTAAGTATGG AGGAACTAGA CCAAATTATT GGTGCCGGAA ACGGAGTGGT TCTTACTCTTA CTCATGAATG TAACCTAGCA ACTTGGACAA AAAAACTAAA ATGTTGCTAA 288 Salivaricin A Lantibiotic MSFMKNSK Streptococcus 289 ATGAGTTTTAT DILTNAIEEV pyogenes GAAAAATTCA SEKELMEVA serotype AAGGATATTT GGKKGSGW M28 (strain TGACTAATGC FATITDDCPN MGAS6180) TATCGAAGAA SVFVCC GTTTCTGAAA AAGAACTTAT GGAAGTAGCT GGTGGTAAAA AAGGTTCCGG TTGGTTTGCA ACTATTACTG ATGACTGTCC GAACTCAGTA TTCGTTTGTTG TTAA 290 Salivaricin Lantibiotic MKNSKDVL Streptococcus 291 ATGAAAAACT A3 NNAIEEVSE salivarius CAAAAGATGT KELMEVAG TTTGAACAAT GKKGPGWIA GCTATCGAAG TITDDCPNSI AGGTTTCTGA FVCC AAAAGAACTT ATGGAAGTAG CTGGTGGTAA AAAAGGTCCA GGTTGGATTG CAACTATTACT GATGACTGTC CAAACTCAAT ATTCGTTTGTT GTTAA 292 Salivaricin- Lantibiotic MKNSKDILN Streptococcus 293 ATGAAAAACT A sa NAIEEVSEKE salivarius CAAAAGATAT LMEVAGGK TTTGAACAAT RGSGWIATIT GCTATCGAAG DDCPNSVFV AAGTTTCTGA CC AAAAGAACTT ATGGAAGTAG CTGGTGGTAA AAGAGGTTCA GGTTGGATTG CAACTATTACT GATGACTGTC CAAACTCAGT ATTCGTTTGTT GTTAA 294 Staphylococcin Lantibiotic MKSSFLEKDI Staphylococcus 295 ATGAAAAGTT C55 (two- EEQVTWFEE aureus CTTTTTTAGAA alpha peptide) VSEQEFDDD AAAGATATAG IFGACSTNTF AAGAACAAGT SLSDYWGNK GACATGGTTC GNWCTATH GAGGAAGTTT ECMSWCK CAGAACAAGA ATTTGACGAT GATATTTTTGG AGCTTGTAGT ACAAACACTT TTTCTTTGAGT GACTATTGGG GTAATAAAGG AAATTGGTGT ACTGCTACTC ACGAATGTAT GTCTTGGTGT AAATAA 296 Staphylococcin Lantibiotic MKNELGKFL Staphylococcus 297 ATGAAAAATG C55 (two- EENELELGK aureus AATTAGGTAA beta peptide) FSESDMLEIT GTTTTTAGAA DDEVYAAG GAAAACGAAT TPLALLGGA TAGAGTTAGG ATGVIGYISN TAAATTTTCAG QTCPTTACT AATCAGACAT RAC GCTAGAAATT ACTGATGATG AAGTATATGC AGCTGGAACA CCTTTAGCCTT ATTGGGTGGA GCTGCCACCG GGGTGATAGG TTATATTTCTA ACCAAACATG TCCAACAACT GCTTGTACAC GCGCTTGCTAG 298 Streptin lantibiotic MNNTIKDFD Streptococcus 299 ATGAATAACA LDLKTNKKD pyogenes CAATTAAAGA TATPYVGSR CTTTGATCTCG YLCTPGSCW ATTTGAAAAC KLVCFTTTVK AAATAAAAAA GACACTGCTA CACCTTATGTT GGTAGCCGTT ACCTATGTAC CCCTGGTTCTT GTTGGAAATT AGTTTGCTTTA CAACAACTGT TAAATAA 300 Streptococcin Lantibiotic MEKNNEVIN Streptococcus 301 ATGGAAAAAA A- SIQEVSLEEL pyogenes ATAATGAAGT FF22 DQIIGAGKN AATCAACTCT GVFKTISHEC ATTCAAGAAG HLNTWAFLA TTAGTCTTGA TCCS AGAACTCGAT CAAATTATCG GTGCTGGAAA AAATGGTGTG TTTAAAACAA TTTCTCATGAG TGTCATTTGA ATACATGGGC ATTCCTTGCTA CTTGTTGTTCA TAA 302 Streptococcin Lantibiotic MTKEHEIINS Streptococcus 303 ATGGAAAAAA A- IQEVSLEELD pyogenes ATAATGAAGT M49 QIIGAGKNG serotype AATCAACTCT VFKTISHECH M49 ATTCAAGAAG LNTWAFLAT TTAGTCTTGA CCS AGAACTCGAT CAAATTATCG GTGCTGGAAA AAATGGTGTG TTTAAAACAA TTTCTCATGAG TGTCATTTGA ATACATGGGC ATTCCTTGCTA CTTGTTGCTCA TAA 304 Sublancin Lantibiotic MEKLFKEVK Bacillus 305 ATGGAAAAGC 168 LEELENQKG subtilis TATTTAAAGA SGLGKAQCA (strain 168) AGTTAAACTA ALWLQCASG GAGGAACTCG GTIGCGGGA AAAACCAAAA VACQNYRQF AGGTAGTGGA CR TTAGGAAAAG CTCAGTGTGC TGCGTTGTGG CTACAATGTG CTAGTGGCGG TACAATTGGT TGTGGTGGCG GAGCTGTTGC TTGTCAAAAC TATCGTCAATT CTGCAGATAA 306 Subtilin Lantibiotic MSKFDDFDL Bacillus 307 ATGTCAAAGT DVVKVSKQ subtilis TCGATGATTTC DSKITPQWK GATTTGGATG SESLCTPGC TTGTGAAAGT VTGALQTCF CTCTAAACAA LQTLTCNCK GACTCAAAAA ISK TCACTCCGCA ATGGAAAAGT GAATCACTTT GTACACCAGG ATGTGTAACT GGTGCATTGC AAACTTGCTTC CTTCAAACAC TAACTTGTAA CTGCAAAATC TCTAAATAA 308 Subtilosin Unclassified MKLPVQQV Bacillus 309 TTGAAATTGC YSVYGGKDL subtilis CGGTGCAACA PKGHSHSTM (strain 168) GGTCTATTCG PFLSKLQFLT GTCTATGGGG KIYLLDIHTQ GTAAGGATCT PFFI CCCAAAAGGG CATAGTCATTC TACTATGCCCT TTTTAAGTAA ATTACAATTTT TAACTAAAAT CTACCTCTTGG ATATACATAC ACAACCGTTTT TCATTTGA 310 Subtilosin-A Unclassified MKKAVIVEN Bacillus 311 ATGAAAAAAG KGCATCSIG subtilis CTGTCATTGTA AACLVDGPI (strain 168) GAAAACAAAG PDFEIAGAT GTTGTGCAAC GLFGLWG ATGCTCGATC GGAGCCGCTT GTCTAGTGGA CGGTCCTATC CCTGATTTTGA AATTGCCGGT GCAACAGGTC TATTCGGTCTA TGGGGGTAA 312 Thermophilin Lantibiotic MMNATENQI Streptococcus 313 ATGATGAATG 1277 FVETVSDQE thermophilus CTACTGAAAA LEMLIGGAD CCAAATTTTTG RGWIKTLTK TTGAGACTGT DCPNVISSIC GAGTGACCAA AGTIITACKN GAATTAGAAA CA TGTTAATTGGT GGTGCAGATC GTGGATGGAT TAAGACTTTA ACAAAAGATT GTCCAAATGT AATTTCTTCAA TTTGTGCAGG TACAATTATTA CAGCCTGTAA AAATTGTGCT TAA 314 Thermophilin Unclassified MKQYNGFE Streptococcus 315 ATGAAGCAGT 13 VLHELDLAN thermophilus ATAATGGTTTT VTGGQINWG GAGGTTCTAC SVVGHCIGG ATGAACTTGA AIIGGAFSGG CTTAGCAAAT AAAGVGCL GTAACTGGCG VGSGKAIIN GTCAAATTAA GL TTGGGGATCA GTTGTAGGAC ACTGTATAGG TGGAGCTATT ATCGGAGGTG CATTTTCAGG AGGTGCAGCG GCTGGAGTAG GATGCCTTGTT GGGAGCGGAA AGGCAATCAT AAATGGATTA TAA 316 Thermophilin A Unclassified MNTITICKFD Streptococcus 317 ATGAATACAA VLDAELLST thermophilus TAACTATTTGT VEGGYSGKD AAATTTGATG CLKDMGGY TTTTAGATGCT ALAGAGSGA GAACTTCTTTC LWGAPAGG GACAGTTGAG VGALPGAFV GGTGGATACT GAHVGAIAG CTGGTAAGGA GFACMGGMI TTGTTTAAAA GNKFN GACATGGGAG GATATGCATT GGCAGGAGCT GGAAGTGGAG CTCTGTGGGG AGCTCCAGCA GGAGGTGTTG GAGCACTTCC AGGTGCATTT GTCGGAGCTC ATGTTGGGGC AATTGCAGGA GGCTTTGCAT GTATGGGTGG AATGATTGGT AATAAGTTTA ACTAA 318 Thiocillin Unclassified MSEIKKALN Bacillus 319 ATGAGTGAAA (Micrococcin TLEIEDFDAI cereus (strain TTAAAAAAGC P1) EMVDVDAM ATCC 14579/ ATTAAATACG (Micrococcin PENEALEIM DSM 31) CTTGAAATTG P2) GASCTTCVC AAGATTTTGA (Thiocillin TCSCCTT TGCAATTGAA I) ATGGTTGATG (Thiocillin TTGATGCTAT II) GCCAGAAAAC (Thiocillin GAAGCGCTTG III) AAATTATGGG (Thiocillin AGCGTCATGT IV) ACGACATGCG (Antibiotic TATGTACATG YM- CAGTTGTTGT 266183) ACAACTTGA (Antibiotic YM- 266184) 320 Thuricin two- MEVMNNALI Bacillus 321 ATGGAAGTTA CD alpha peptide TKVDEEIGG cereus TGAACAATGC lantibiotic NAACVIGCI 95/8201 TTTAATTACAA GSCVISEGIG AAGTAGATGA SLVGTAFTLG GGAGATTGGA GGAAACGCTG CTTGTGTAATT GGTTGTATTG GCAGTTGCGT AATTAGTGAA GGAATTGGTT CACTTGTAGG AACAGCATTT ACTTTAGGTT AA 322 Thuricin two- MEVLNKQN Bacillus 323 ATGGAAGTTT CD beta peptide VNIIPESEEV cereus TAAACAAACA lantibiotic GGWVACVG 95/8201 AAATGTAAAT ACGTVCLAS ATTATTCCAG GGVGTEFAA AATCTGAAGA ASYFL AGTAGGTGGA TGGGTAGCAT GTGTTGGAGC ATGTGGTACA GTATGTCTTGC TAGTGGTGGT GTTGGAACAG AGTTTGCAGC TGCATCTTATT TCCTATAA 324 Thuricin- Class IId METPVVQPR Bacillus 325 ATGGAAACAC 17 DWTCWSCL thuringiensis CAGTAGTACA VCAACSVEL ACCAAGGGAT LNLVTAATG TGGACTTGTT ASTAS GGAGTTGCTT AGTATGTGCA GCATGTTCTGT GGAATTATTA AATTTAGTTAC TGCGGCAACA GGGGCTAGTA CTGCAAGCTAA 326 Trifolitoxin Unclassified MDNKVAKN Rhizobium 327 ATGGATAACA VEVKKGSIK leguminosarum AGGTTGCGAA ATFKAAVLK bv. trifolii GAATGTCGAA SKTKVDIGG GTGAAGAAGG SRQGCVA GCTCCATCAA GGCGACCTTC AAGGCTGCTG TTCTGAAGTC GAAGACGAAG GTCGACATCG GAGGTAGCCG TCAGGGCTGC GTCGCTTAA 328 Ubericin A Class IIa MNTIEKFENI Streptococcus 329 ATGAATACAA KLFSLKKIIG uberis TTGAAAAATT GKTVNYGN TGAAAATATT GLYCNQKKC AAACTTTTTTC WVNWSETA ACTAAAGAAA TTIVNNSIM ATTATCGGTG NGLTGGNA GCAAAACTGT GWHSGGRA AAATTATGGT AATGGCCTTT ATTGTAACCA AAAAAAATGC TGGGTAAACT GGTCAGAAAC TGCTACAACA ATAGTAAATA ATTCCATCATG AACGGGCTCA CAGGTGGTAA TGCGGGTTGG CACTCAGGCG GGAGAGCATAA 330 Uberolysin Unclassified MDILLELAG Streptococcus 331 ATGGACATTT YTGIASGTA uberis TATTAGAACT KKVVDAIDK CGCAGGATAT GAAAFVIISII ACTGGGATAG STVISAGAL CCTCAGGTAC GAVSASADF TGCAAAAAAA IILTVKNYIS GTTGTTGATG RNLKAQAVIW CCATTGATAA AGGAGCTGCA GCCTTTGTTAT TATTTCAATTA TCTCAACAGT AATTAGTGCG GGAGCATTGG GAGCAGTTTC AGCCTCAGCT GATTTTATTAT TTTAACTGTAA AAAATTACAT TAGTAGAAAT TTAAAAGCAC AAGCTGTCAT TTGGTAA 332 UviB Unclassified MDSELFKLM Clostridium 333 ATGGATAGTG ATQGAFAILF perfringens AATTATTTAA SYLLFYVLK GTTAATGGCA ENSKREDKY ACACAAGGAG QNIIEELTEL CCTTTGCAATA LPKIKEDVE TTATTTTCGTA DIKEKLNK TTTATTGTTTT ATGTTTTAAA AGAGAATAGT AAAAGAGAAG ATAAGTATCA AAATATAATA GAGGAGCTTA CAGAATTATT GCCAAAAATA AAAGAAGATG TAGAAGATAT AAAAGAAAAA CTTAATAAAT AG 334 Variacin Lantibiotic, MTNAFQALD Micrococcus 335 ATGACGAACG Type A EVTDAELDA varians CATTTCAGGC ILGGGSGVIP ACTGGACGAA TISHECHMN GTCACGGACG SFQFVFTCCS CCGAGCTCGA CGCCATCCTT GGCGGGGGCA GTGGTGTTAT TCCCACGATC AGCCACGAGT GCCACATGAA CTCCTTCCAGT TCGTGTTCACC TGCTGCTCCTGA 336 Zoocin A Unclassified MKRIFFAFLS Streptococcus 337 ATGAAACGTA LCLFIFGTQT equi subsp. TATTTTTTGCT VSAATYTRP zooepidemicus TTCTTAAGTTT LDTGNITTGF ATGCTTATTTA NGYPGHVG TATTCGGAAC VDYAVPVGT ACAAACGGTA PVRAVANGT TCTGCAGCTA VKFAGNGA CTTATACTCG NHPWMLWM GCCATTAGAT AGNCVLIQH ACGGGAAATA ADGMHTGY TCACTACAGG AHLSKISVST GTTTAACGGA DSTVKQGQII TACCCTGGTC GYTGATGQ ATGTTGGAGT VTGPHLHFE CGATTATGCA MLPANPNW GTACCCGTTG QNGFSGRID GAACTCCGGT PTGYIANAP TAGAGCAGTT VFNGTTPTE GCAAATGGTA PTTPTTNLKI CAGTCAAATT YKVDDLQKI TGCAGGTAAT NGIWQVRN GGGGCTAATC NILVPTDFT ACCCATGGAT WVDNGIAA GCTTTGGATG DDVIEVTSN GCTGGAAACT GTRTSDQVL GTGTTCTAATT QKGGYFVIN CAACATGCTG PNNVKSVGT ACGGGATGCA PMKGSGGLS TACTGGATAT WAQVNFTT GCACACTTAT GGNVWLNT CAAAAATTTC TSKDNLLYGK AGTTAGCACA GATAGTACAG TTAAACAAGG ACAAATCATA GGTTATACTG GTGCCACCGG CCAAGTTACC GGTCCACATT TGCATTTTGA AATGTTGCCA GCAAATCCTA ACTGGCAAAA TGGTTTTTCTG GAAGAATAGA TCCAACCGGA TACATCGCTA ATGCCCCTGT ATTTAATGGA ACAACACCTA CAGAACCTAC TACTCCTACA ACAAATTTAA AAATCTATAA AGTTGATGAT TTACAAAAAA TTAATGGTATT TGGCAAGTAA GAAATAACAT ACTTGTACCA ACTGATTTCAC ATGGGTTGAT AATGGAATTG CAGCAGATGA TGTAATTGAA GTAACTAGCA ATGGAACAAG AACCTCTGAC CAAGTTCTTCA AAAAGGTGGT TATTTTGTCAT CAATCCTAAT AATGTTAAAA GTGTTGGAAC TCCGATGAAA GGTAGTGGTG GTCTATCTTGG GCTCAAGTAA ACTTTACAAC AGGTGGAAAT GTCTGGTTAA ATACTACTAG CAAAGACAAC TTACTTTACGG AAAATAA 338 Fulvocin-C Unclassified ANCSCSTAS Myxococcus 339 GCGAACTGCA DYCPILTFCT fulvus GCTGCAGCAC TGTACSYTP CGCGAGCGAT TGCGTGWV TATTGCCCGA YCACNGNFY TTCTGACCTTT TGCACCACCG GCACCGCGTG CAGCTATACC CCGACCGGCT GCGGCACCGG CTGGGTGTAT TGCGCGTGCA ACGGCAACTT TTAT 340 Duramycin-C Lantibiotic CANSCSYGP Streptomyces 341 TGCGCGAACA LTWSCDGNTK griseoluteus GCTGCAGCTA TGGCCCGCTG ACCTGGAGCT GCGATGGCAA CACCAAA 342 Duramycin Lantibiotic B CKQSCSFGPF Streptoverticillium 343 TGCAAACAGA (duramycin- TFVCDGNTK griseoverticillatum GCTGCAGCTT B) TGGCCCGTTT (Leucopeptin) ACCTTTGTGTG CGATGGCAAC ACCAAA 344 Carnocin lantibiotic GSEIQPR Carnobacterium 345 GGCAGCGAAA UI49 sp. (strain TTCAGCCGCGC UI49) 346 Lactococcin- Unclassified GTWDDIGQG Lactococcus 347 GGCACCTGGG Gα IGRVAYWVG lactis subsp. ATGATATTGG KAMGNMSD lactis CCAGGGCATT VNQASRINR (Streptococcus GGCCGCGTGG KKKH lactis) CGTATTGGGT GGGCAAAGCG ATGGGCAACA TGAGCGATGT GAACCAGGCG AGCCGCATTA ACCGCAAAAA AAAACAT 348 Lactococcin- Unclassified KKWGWLAW Lactococcus 349 AAAAAATGGG Gβ VDPAYEFIK lactis subsp. GCTGGCTGGC GFGKGAIKE lactis GTGGGTGGAT GNKDKWKNI (Streptococcus CCGGCGTATG lactis) AATTTATTAA AGGCTTTGGC AAAGGCGCGA TTAAAGAAGG CAACAAAGAT AAATGGAAAA ACATT 350 Ancovenin Lantibiotic CVQSCSFGP Streptomyces 351 TGCGTGCAGA LTWSCDGNTK sp. (strain GCTGCAGCTT A647P-2) TGGCCCGCTG ACCTGGAGCT GCGATGGCAA CACCAAA 352 Actagardine Lantibiotic SSGWVCTLT Actinoplanes 353 AGCAGCGGCT (Gardimycin) IECGTVICAC liguriae GGGTGTGCAC CCTGACCATT GAATGCGGCA CCGTGATTTG CGCGTGC 354 Curvaticin Unclassified YTAKQCLQA Lactobacillus 355 TATACCGCGA FS47 IGSCGIAGTG curvatus AACAGTGCCT AGAAGGPA GCAGGCGATT GAFVGAXV GGCAGCTGCG VXI GCATTGCGGG CACCGGCGCG GGCGCGGCGG GCGGCCCGGC GGGCGCGTTT GTGGGCGCGN NNGTGGTGNN NATT [IN WHICH NNN = ANY AMINO- ACID CODING TRIPLET] 356 Bavaricin- class TKYYGNGV Lactobacillus 357 ACCAAATATT MN IIA/YG YCNSKKCW sakei ATGGCAACGG NGV VDWGQAAG CGTGTATTGC GIGQTVVXG AACAGCAAAA WLGGAIPGK AATGCTGGGT GGATTGGGGC CAGGCGGCGG GCGGCATTGG CCAGACCGTG GTGNNNGGCT GGCTGGGCGG CGCGATTCCG GGCAAA[IN WHICH NNN = ANY AMINO- ACID CODING TRIPLET] 358 Mutacin Lantibiotic FKSWSFCTP Streptococcus 359 TTTAAAAGCT B-Ny266 GCAKTGSFN mutans GGAGCTTTTG SYCC CACCCCGGGC TGCGCGAAAA CCGGCAGCTT TAACAGCTAT TGCTGCTTTAA AAGCTGGAGC TTTTGCACCCC GGGCTGCGCG AAAACCGGCA GCTTTAACAG CTATTGCTGC 360 Mundticin class KYYGNGVS Enterococcus 361 AAATATTATG IIA/YG CNKKGCSVD mundtii GCAACGGCGT NGV WGKAIGIIGN GAGCTGCAAC NSAANLATG AAAAAAGGCT GAAGWSK GCAGCGTGGA TTGGGGCAAA GCGATTGGCA TTATTGGCAA CAACAGCGCG GCGAACCTGG CGACCGGCGG CGCGGCGGGC TGGAGCAAA 362 Bavaricin-A class KYYGNGVH Lactobacillus 363 AAATATTATG IIA/YG XGKHSXTVD sakei GCAACGGCGT NGV WGTAIGNIG GCATNNNGGC NNAAANXA AAACATAGCN TGXNAGG NNACCGTGGA TTGGGGCACC GCGATTGGCA ACATTGGCAA CAACGCGGCG GCGAACNNNG CGACCGGCNN NAACGCGGGC GGC [IN WHICH NNN = ANY AMINO- ACID CODING TRIPLET] 364 Lactocin- Class IIb GMSGYIQGI Lactobacillus 365 GGCATGAGCG 705 PDFLKGYLH paracasei GCTATATTCA GISAANKHK GGGCATTCCG KGRL GATTTTCTGA AAGGCTATCT GCATGGCATT AGCGCGGCGA ACAAACATAA AAAAGGCCGC CTG 366 Leucocin-B Unclassified KGKGFWSW Leuconostoc 367 AAAGGCAAAG ASKATSWLT mesenteroides GCTTTTGGAG GPQQPGSPL CTGGGCGAGC LKKHR AAAGCGACCA GCTGGCTGAC CGGCCCGCAG CAGCCGGGCA GCCCGCTGCT GAAAAAACAT CGC 368 Leucocin C class KNYGNGVH Leuconostoc 369 AAAAACTATG IIA/YG CTKKGCSVD mesenteroides GCAACGGCGT NGV WGYAWTNI GCATTGCACC ANNSVMNG AAAAAAGGCT LTGGNAGW GCAGCGTGGA HN TTGGGGCTAT GCGTGGACCA ACATTGCGAA CAACAGCGTG ATGAACGGCC TGACCGGCGG CAACGCGGGC TGGCATAAC 370 LCI Unclassified AIKLVQSPN Bacillus 371 GCGATTAAAC GNFAASFVL subtilis TGGTGCAGAG DGTKWIFKS CCCGAACGGC KYYDSSKGY AACTTTGCGG WVGIYEVW CGAGCTTTGT DRK GCTGGATGGC ACCAAATGGA TTTTTAAAAGC AAATATTATG ATAGCAGCAA AGGCTATTGG GTGGGCATTT ATGAAGTGTG GGATCGCAAA 372 Lichenin Unclassified ISLEICXIFHDN Bacillus 373 ATTAGCCTGG licheniformis AAATTTGCNN NATTTTTCATG ATAAC [IN WHICH NNN = ANY AMINO- ACID CODING TRIPLET] 374 Lactococcin class TSYGNGVHC Lactococcus 375 ACCAGCTATG MMFII IIA/YG NKSKCWIDV lactis subsp. GCAACGGCGT NGV SELETYKAG lactis GCATTGCAAC TVSNPKDILW (Streptococcus AAAAGCAAAT lactis) GCTGGATTGA TGTGAGCGAA CTGGAAACCT ATAAAGCGGG CACCGTGAGC AACCCGAAAG ATATTCTGTGG 376 Serracin-P Phage- DYHHGVRVL Serratia 377 GATTATCATC Tail- plymuthica ATGGCGTGCG Like CGTGCTG 378 Halocin- Unclassified DIDITGCSAC Halobacterium 379 GATATTGATA C8 KYAAG sp. (strain TTACCGGCTG AS7092) CAGCGCGTGC AAATATGCGG CGGGC 380 Subpeptin Unclassified XXKEIXHIFH Bacillus 381 NNNNNNAAAG JM4-B DN subtilis AAATTNNNCA TATTTTTCATG ATAAC [IN WHICH NNN = ANY AMINO- ACID CODING TRIPLET] 382 Curvalicin- Unclassified TPVVNPPFL Lactobacillus 383 ACCCCGGTGG 28a QQT curvatus TGAACCCGCC GTTTCTGCAG CAGACC 384 Curvalicin- Unclassified VAPFPEQFLX Lactobacillus 385 GTGGCGCCGT 28b curvatus TTCCGGAACA GTTTCTGNNN [IN WHICH NNN = ANY AMINO-ACID CODING TRIPLET] 386 Curvalicin- Unclassified NIPQLTPTP Lactobacillus 387 AACATTCCGC 28c curvatus AGCTGACCCC GACCCCG 388 Thuricin-S Unclassified DWTXWSXL Bacillus 389 GATTGGACCN VXAACSVELL thuringiensis NNTGGAGCNN subsp. NCTGGTGNNN entomocidus GCGGCGTGCA GCGTGGAACT GCTG [IN WHICH NNN = ANY AMINO- ACID CODING TRIPLET] 390 Curvaticin Unclassified AYPGNGVH Lactobacillus 391 GCGTATCCGG L442 CGKYSCTVD curvatus GCAACGGCGT KQTAIGNIG GCATTGCGGC NNAA AAATATAGCT GCACCGTGGA TAAACAGACC GCGATTGGCA ACATTGGCAA CAACGCGGCG 392 Divergicin class TKYYGNGV Carnobacterium 393 ACCAAATATT M35 IIa/YGN YCNSKKCW divergens ATGGCAACGG GV VDWGTAQG (Lactobacillus CGTGTATTGC CIDVVIGQL divergens) AACAGCAAAA GGGIPGKGKC AATGCTGGGT GGATTGGGGC ACCGCGCAGG GCTGCATTGA TGTGGTGATT GGCCAGCTGG GCGGCGGCAT TCCGGGCAAA GGCAAATGC 394 Enterocin class IIb NRWYCNSA Enterococcus 395 AACCGCTGGT E-760 AGGVGGAA sp. ATTGCAACAG VCGLAGYV CGCGGCGGGC GEAKENIAG GGCGTGGGCG EVRKGWGM GCGCGGCGGT AGGFTHNKA GTGCGGCCTG CKSFPGSGW GCGGGCTATG ASG TGGGCGAAGC GAAAGAAAAC ATTGCGGGCG AAGTGCGCAA AGGCTGGGGC ATGGCGGGCG GCTTTACCCAT AACAAAGCGT GCAAAAGCTT TCCGGGCAGC GGCTGGGCGA GCGGC 396 Bacteriocin Unclassified TTKNYGNG Enterococcus 397 ACCACCAAAA E50-52 VCNSVNWC faecium ACTATGGCAA QCGNVWAS (Streptococcus CGGCGTGTGC CNLATGCAA faecium) AACAGCGTGA WLCKLA ACTGGTGCCA GTGCGGCAAC GTGTGGGCGA GCTGCAACCT GGCGACCGGC TGCGCGGCGT GGCTGTGCAA ACTGGCG 398 Paenibacillin Unclassified ASIIKTTIKVS Paenibacillus 399 GCGAGCATTA KAVCKTLTC polymyxa TTAAAACCAC ICTGSCSNCK (Bacillus CATTAAAGTG polymyxa) AGCAAAGCGG TGTGCAAAAC CCTGACCTGC ATTTGCACCG GCAGCTGCAG CAACTGCAAA 400 Epilancin Unclassified SASIVKTTIK Staphylococcus 401 AGCGCGAGCA 15x ASKKLCRGF epidermidis TTGTGAAAAC TLTCGCHFT CACCATTAAA GKK GCGAGCAAAA AACTGTGCCG CGGCTTTACC CTGACCTGCG GCTGCCATTTT ACCGGCAAAA AA 402 Enterocin- class IIa KYYGNGVS Enterococcus 403 AAATATTATG HF CNKKGCSVD faecium GCAACGGCGT WGKAIGIIGN (Streptococcus GAGCTGCAAC NAAANLTTG faecium) AAAAAAGGCT GKAAWAC GCAGCGTGGA TTGGGGCAAA GCGATTGGCA TTATTGGCAA CAACGCGGCG GCGAACCTGA CCACCGGCGG CAAAGCGGCG TGGGCGTGC 404 Bacillocin Class IIa ATYYGNGL Paenibacillus 405 GCGACCTATT 602 YCNKQKHY polymyxa ATGGCAACGG TWVDWNKA (Bacillus CCTGTATTGC SREIGKITVN polymyxa) AACAAACAGA GWVQH AACATTATAC CTGGGTGGAT TGGAACAAAG CGAGCCGCGA AATTGGCAAA ATTACCGTGA ACGGCTGGGT GCAGCAT 406 Bacillocin Class IIa VNYGNGVS Bacillus 407 GTGAACTATG 1580 CSKTKCSVN circulans GCAACGGCGT WGIITHQAF GAGCTGCAGC RVTSGVASG AAAACCAAAT GCAGCGTGAA CTGGGGCATT ATTACCCATC AGGCGTTTCG CGTGACCAGC GGCGTGGCGA GCGGC 408 Bacillocin Unclassified FVYGNGVTS Paenibacillus 409 TTTGTGTATG B37 ILVQAQFLV polymyxa GCAACGGCGT NGQRRFFYT (Bacillus GACCAGCATT PDK polymyxa) CTGGTGCAGG CGCAGTTTCT GGTGAACGGC CAGCGCCGCT TTTTTTATACC CCGGATAAA 410 Rhamnosin A Unclassified AVPAVRKTN Lactobacillus 411 GCGGTGCCGG ETLD rhamnosus CGGTGCGCAA AACCAACGAA ACCCTGGAT 412 Lichenicidin A Lantibiotic MKNSAARE Bacillus 413 ATGAAAAACA A2 (two- AFKGANHPA licheniformis GCGCGGCGCG peptide) GMVSEEELK (strain DSM CGAAGCGTTT ALVGGNDV 13/ATCC AAAGGCGCGA NPETTPATTS 14580) ACCATCCGGC SWTCITAGV GGGCATGGTG TVSASLCPTT AGCGAAGAAG KCTSRC AACTGAAAGC GCTGGTGGGC GGCAACGATG TGAACCCGGA AACCACCCCG GCGACCACCA GCAGCTGGAC CTGCATTACC GCGGGCGTGA CCGTGAGCGC GAGCCTGTGC CCGACCACCA AATGCACCAG CCGCTGC 414 Plantaricin Class IIa KYYGNGLSC Lactobacillus 415 AAATATTATG C19 SKKGCTVN plantarum GCAACGGCCT WGQAFSCG GAGCTGCAGC VNRVATAG AAAAAAGGCT HGK GCACCGTGAA CTGGGGCCAG GCGTTTAGCT GCGGCGTGAA CCGCGTGGCG ACCGCGGGCC ATGGCAAA 416 Acidocin Class IIb GNPKVAHCA Lactobacillus 417 GGCAACCCGA J1132 β SQIGRSTAW acidophilus AAGTGGCGCA GAVSGA TTGCGCGAGC CAGATTGGCC GCAGCACCGC GTGGGGCGCG GTGAGCGGCG CG 418 factor Unclassified WLPPAGLLG Enterococcus 419 TGGCTGCCGC with anti- RCGRWFRP faecalis CGGCGGGCCT Candida WLLWLQSG GCTGGGCCGC activity AQYKWLGN TGCGGCCGCT LFGLGPK GGTTTCGCCC GTGGCTGCTG TGGCTGCAGA GCGGCGCGCA GTATAAATGG CTGGGCAACC TGTTTGGCCT GGGCCCGAAA 420 Ava_1098 Unclassified NLDQWLTE Anabaena 421 TAATTTAGATC (putative QVHEFQDM variabilis AGTGGTTAAC heterocyst YLEPQAISN ATCC 29413 AGAACAAGTT differentiation QDITFKLSDL CATGAGTTTC protein) DFIHN AAGATATGTA CTTGGAACCA CAAGCAATAT CCAATCAAGA CATTACCTTCA AACTATCTGA CCTAGATTTTA TTCATAATTGA 422 alr2818 Unclassified NLDQWLTE Nostoc sp 423 AATTTAGATC (putative QVHEFQDM 7120 AATGGTTAAC heterocyst YLEPQAISN AGAACAAGTT differentiation QDITFKLSDL CATGAGTTTC protein) DFIHN AAGATATGTA CTTGGAACCA CAAGCAATAT CCAATCAAGA CATTACCTTCA AACTGTCAGA CCTAGATTTTA TTCATAATTGA 424 Aazo_0724 Unclassified HREKKSA Nostoc 425 CACAGAGAGA (putative azollae 0708 AAAAATCAGC heterocyst ATAG differentiation protein) 426 AM1_4010 Unclassified TSNNWLAK Acaryochloris 427 ACAAGCAATA (putative NYLSMWNK marina ACTGGCTAGC heterocyst KSSNPNL MBIC11017 CAAAAACTAT differentiation CTTTCTATGTG protein) GAATAAAAAG AGCAGTAATC CAAACCTTTAG 428 PCC8801_3266 Unclassified FRYFWW Cyanothece 429 TTTAGATATTT (putative PCC 8801 TTGGTGGTAA heterocyst differentiation protein) 430 Cyan8802_2855 Unclassified FRYFWW Cyanothece 431 TTTAGATATTT (putative PCC 8802 TTGGTGGTAA heterocyst differentiation protein) 432 PCC7424_3517 Unclassified CGEKWRIFS Cyanothece 433 TGTGGAGAAA PCC 7424 AATGGAGAAT TTTTAGC 434 cce_2677 Unclassified FRLQLWQF Cyanothece 435 TTTCGCTTACA (putative ATCC 51142 ACTGTGGCAA HetP TTT protein) 436 CY0110_11572 Unclassified LGCNQSSIW Cyanothece 437 CTAGGATGTA (putative SIFFWNH CCY0110 ACCAGAGCAG heterocyst TATCTGGTCA differentiation ATTTTTTTCTG protein) GAATCATTAA 438 MC7420_4637 Unclassified YNLQGLPAI Microcoleus 439 TATAACCTAC ESEDCIPDSV chthonoplastes AGGGGTTGCC APSDDWFSG PCC 7420 AGCAATTGAG VSSLFNRLT TCAGAAGACT GLG GTATCCCAGA TTCTGTAGCG CCTTCGGATG ATTGGTTTTCA GGCGTATCGT CTCTGTTTAAC CGCTTGACTG GGTTGGGTTAG 440 asr1611 Unclassified WMAIRRILR Nostoc sp 441 TGGATGGCGA (putative CHPFHPGGY 7120 TTCGCCGCATT DUF37 DPVPELGEH TTGCGTTGTCA family CCHHDSGNKG TCCATTCCACC protein) CAGGGGGTTA TGATCCTGTA CCAGAGTTGG GTGAGCATTG TTGTCATCATG ATAGCGGGAA TAAGGGGTGA 442 Ava_4222 Unclassified WMGIRRILR Anabaena 443 TGGATGGGGA (putative CHPFHPGGY variabilis TTCGCCGCATT DUF37 DPVPEVGEH ATCC 29413 TTGCGTTGTCA family CCHHDSGK TCCATTCCACC protein) CAGGCGGTTA TGATCCTGTA CCAGAGGTGG GTGAGCATTG TTGTCATCATG ATAGCGGGAA GTAG 444 N9414_07129 Unclassified WMATRRILR Nodularia 445 TGGATGGCGA (putative CHPFHPGGY spumigena CTCGGCGGAT DUF37 DPVPEVKHN CCY9414 TTTGCGTTGTC family CCDQHLSDS ATCCCTTCCAT protein) GKQTTEDHH CCTGGTGGAT KGS ATGATCCAGT TCCAGAGGTA AAACACAATT GCTGCGATCA GCATCTGTCC GATTCTGGGA AACAGACCAC AGAAGACCAT CACAAAGGCT CGTAG 446 Aazo_0083 Unclassified WMATLRILC Nostoc 447 TGGATGGCAA (putative HPFHPGGYD azollae 0708 CTTTGCGGATT DUF37 PVPGLAEKS TTACGCTGTC family CCDHHD ATCCTTTCCAT protein) CCTGGTGGTT ATGATCCTGT ACCAGGACTA GCGGAAAAAT CCTGTTGTGA CCATCATGATT GA 448 S7335_3409 Unclassified WLTAKRFCR Synechococcus 449 TGGCTAACAG (putative CHPLHPGGY PCC 7335 CCAAGCGCTT DUF37 DPVPEKKSVL TTGTCGCTGTC family ATCCGCTTCAT protein) CCTGGCGGGT ATGATCCGGT ACCGGAGAAG AAATCGGTAC TCTAA 450 P9303_21151 Unclassified WLTLRRLSR Prochlorococcus 451 TGGCTCACCC (putative CHPFTPCGC marinus TGCGGCGCCT DUF37 DPVPD MIT 9303 GTCTCGTTGCC family ATCCTTTTACC protein) CCCTGTGGTT GCGACCCGGT GCCTGATTAA

As used herein “bacteriocin polynucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide encoding a bacteriocin. In some embodiments, the host cell comprises at least one bacteriocin.

Bacteriocin Immunity Modulators

Exemplary bacteriocin immunity modulators are shown in Table 2. While the immunity modulators in Table 2 are naturally-occurring, the skilled artisan will appreciate that variants of the immunity modulators of Table 2, naturally-occurring immunity modulators other than the immunity modulators of Table 2, or synthetic immunity modulators can be used according to some embodiments herein.

In some embodiments, a particular immunity modulator or particular combination of immunity modulators confers immunity to a particular bacteriocin, particular class or category of bacteriocins, or particular combination of bacteriocins. Exemplary bacteriocins to which immunity modulators can confer immunity are identified in Table 2. While Table 2 identifies an “organism of origin” for exemplary immunity modulators, these immunity modulators can readily be expressed in other naturally-occurring, genetically modified, or synthetic microorganisms to provide a desired bacteriocin immunity activity in accordance with some embodiments herein. As such, as used herein “immunity modulator” refers not only to structures expressly provided herein, but also to structure that have substantially the same effect as the “immunity modulator” structures described herein, including fully synthetic immunity modulators, and immunity modulators that provide immunity to bacteriocins that are functionally equivalent to the bacteriocins disclosed herein.

Exemplary polynucleotide sequences encoding the polypeptides of Table 2 are indicated in Table 2. The skilled artisan will readily understand that the genetic code is degenerate, and moreover, codon usage can vary based on the particular organism in which the gene product is being expressed, and as such, a particular polypeptide can be encoded by more than one polynucleotide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a bacteriocin immunity modulator is selected based on the codon usage of the organism expressing the bacteriocin immunity modulator. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a bacteriocin immunity modulator is codon optimized based on the particular organism expressing the bacteriocin immunity modulator. A vast range of functional immunity modulators can incorporate features of immunity modulators disclosed herein, thus providing for a vast degree of identity to the immunity modulators in Table 2. In some embodiments, an immunity modulator has at least about 50% identity, for example, at least about 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identity to any one of the polypeptides of Table 2.

TABLE 2 Exemplary bacteriocin immunity modulators Poly- Poly- peptide nucleotide SEQ Polypeptide Organism SEQ ID NO: Name Sequence of origin ID NO: Polynucleotide Sequence 452 Microcin MSYKKLY Escherichia 453 ATGAGTTATAAAAAAC H47 QLTAIFSLP coli TGTACCAATTGACGGCT immunity LTILLVSLS ATATTTAGTTTACCTCT modulator SLRIVGEG TACTATCTTATTGGTTT MchI NSYVDVFL CACTTTCATCCCTTCGG SFIIFLGFIE ATTGTTGGCGAAGGGA LIHGIRKIL ATTCTTATGTTGACGTT VWSGWKN TTTCTAAGCTTTATAAT GS ATTTCTTGGTTTTATTG AGCTGATTCATGGGATT CGAAAGATTTTGGTCTG GTCAGGCTGGAAAAAC GGAAGTTAA 454 Colicin-E3 MGLKLDLT Escherichia 455 ATGGGACTTAAATTGG immunity WFDKSTED coli ATTTAACTTGGTTTGAT modulator FKGEEYSK AAAAGTACAGAAGATT (Colicin-E3 DFGDDGSV TTAAGGGTGAGGAGTA chain B) MESLGVPF TTCAAAAGATTTTGGAG (ImmE3) KDNVNNG ATGACGGTTCAGTTATG (Microcin- CFDVIAEW GAAAGTCTAGGTGTGC E3 VPLLQPYF CTTTTAAGGATAATGTT immunity NHQIDISD AATAACGGTTGCTTTGA modulator) NEYFVSFD TGTTATAGCTGAATGG YRDGDW GTACCTTTGCTACAACC ATACTTTAATCATCAAA TTGATATTTCCGATAAT GAGTATTTTGTTTCGTT TGATTATCGTGATGGTG ATTGGTGA 456 Colicin-E1 MSLRYYIK Escherichia 457 ATGAGCTTAAGATACTA immunity NILFGLYC coli CATAAAAAATATTTTAT modulator TLIYIYLIT TTGGCCTGTACTGCACA (ImmE1) KNSEGYYF CTTATATATATATACCT (Microcin- LVSDKML TATAACAAAAAACAGC E1 YAIVISTIL GAAGGGTATTATTTCCT immunity CPYSKYAI TGTGTCAGATAAGATG modulator) EYIAFNFIK CTATATGCAATAGTGAT KDFFERRK AAGCACTATTCTATGTC NLNNAPVA CATATTCAAAATATGCT KLNLFMLY ATTGAATACATAGCTTT NLLCLVLA TAACTTCATAAAGAAA IPFGLLGLF GATTTTTTCGAAAGAAG ISIKNN AAAAAACCTAAATAAC GCCCCCGTAGCAAAATT AAACCTATTTATGCTAT ATAATCTACTTTGTTTG GTCCTAGCAATCCCATT TGGATTGCTAGGACTTT TTATATCAATAAAGAAT AATTAA 458 Cloacin MGLKLHIH Escherichia 459 ATGGGGCTTAAATTAC immunity WFDKKTEE coli ATATTCATTGGTTTGAT modulator FKGGEYSK AAGAAAACCGAAGAGT DFGDDGSV TTAAAGGCGGTGAATA IESLGMPL CTCAAAAGACTTCGGT KDNINNG GATGATGGTTCTGTCAT WFDVEKP TGAAAGTCTGGGGATG WVSILQPH CCTTTAAAGGATAATAT FKNVIDISK TAATAATGGTTGGTTTG FDYFVSFV ATGTTGAAAAACCATG YRDGNW GGTTTCGATATTACAGC CACACTTTAAAAATGTA ATCGATATTAGTAAATT TGATTACTTTGTATCCT TTGTTTACCGGGATGGT AACTGGTAA 460 Colicin-E2 MELKHSIS Escherichia 461 ATGGAACTGAAACATA immunity DYTEAEFL coli GTATTAGTGATTATACC modulator EFVKKICR GAGGCTGAATTTCTGG (ImmE2) AEGATEED AGTTTGTAAAAAAAAT (Microcin- DNKLVREF ATGTAGAGCTGAAGGT E2 ERLTEHPD GCTACTGAAGAGGATG immunity GSDLIYYP ACAATAAATTAGTGAG modulator) RDDREDSP AGAGTTTGAGCGATTA EGIVKEIKE ACTGAGCACCCAGATG WRAANGK GTTCAGATCTGATTTAT SGFKQG TATCCTCGCGATGACAG GGAAGATAGTCCTGAA GGGATTGTCAAGGAAA TTAAAGAATGGCGAGC TGCTAACGGTAAGTCA GGATTTAAACAGGGCT GA 462 Colicin-A MMNEHSID Citrobacter 463 ATGATGAATGAACACT immunity TDNRKAN freundii CAATAGATACGGACAA modulator NALYLFIII CAGAAAGGCCAATAAC (Microcin- GLIPLLCIF GCATTGTATTTATTTAT A immunity VVYYKTPD AATAATCGGATTAATAC modulator) ALLLRKIA CATTATTGTGCATTTTT TSTENLPSI GTTGTTTACTACAAAAC TSSYNPLM GCCAGACGCTTTACTTT TKVMDIYC TACGTAAAATTGCTACA KTAPFLALI AGCACTGAGAATCTCCC LYILTFKIR GTCAATAACATCCTCCT KLINNTDR ACAACCCATTAATGACA NTVLRSCL AAGGTTATGGATATTTA LSPLVYAA TTGTAAAACAGCGCCTT IVYLFCFR TCCTTGCCTTAATACTA NFELTTAG TACATCCTAACCTTTAA RPVRLMAT AATCAGAAAATTAATC NDATLLLF AACAACACCGACAGGA YIGLYSIIFF ACACTGTACTTAGATCT TTYITLFTP TGTTTATTAAGTCCATT VTAFKLLK GGTCTATGCAGCAATTG KRQ TTTATCTATTCTGCTTC CGAAATTTTGAGTTAAC AACAGCCGGAAGGCCT GTCAGATTAATGGCCA CCAATGACGCAACACT ATTGTTATTTTATATTG GTCTGTACTCAATAATT TTCTTTACAACCTATAT CACGCTATTCACACCAG TCACTGCATTTAAATTA TTAAAAAAAAGGCAGT AA 464 Colicin-Ia MNRKYYF Escherichia 465 ATGAACAGAAAATATT immunity NNMWWG coli ATTTTAATAATATGTGG modulator WVTGGYM TGGGGATGGGTGACGG LYMSWDY GGGGATATATGCTGTA EFKYRLLF TATGTCATGGGATTATG WCISLCGM AGTTTAAATACAGATTA VLYPVAK CTGTTCTGGTGTATTTC WYIEDTAL TCTCTGCGGAATGGTTT KFTRPDFW TGTATCCGGTTGCAAAA NSGFFADT TGGTATATTGAAGATAC PGKMGLLA AGCTCTAAAATTTACCC VYTGTVFI GGCCTGATTTCTGGAAC LSLPLSMIY AGCGGTTTTTTTGCTGA ILSVIIKRLS TACACCTGGAAAAATG VR GGGTTGCTTGCGGTTTA TACGGGTACTGTTTTCA TATTATCTCTTCCGTTA AGTATGATATATATTCT TTCTGTTATTATAAAAA GGCTGTCTGTAAGATAG 466 Colicin-Ib MKLDISVK Escherichia 467 ATGAAACTGGATATATC immunity YLLKSLIPI coli TGTAAAGTATTTACTGA modulator LIILTVFYL AAAGCCTGATACCAAT GWKDNQE CCTCATTATTCTTACAG NARMFYAF TTTTTTATCTGGGATGG IGCIISAITF AAAGATAACCAGGAAA PFSMRIIQK ATGCAAGAATGTTTTAT MVIRFTGK GCGTTCATCGGATGCAT EFWQKDFF TATCAGTGCCATTACTT TNPVGGSL TTCCTTTTTCAATGAGG TAIFELFCF ATAATACAGAAAATGG VISVPVVAI TAATAAGGTTTACAGG YLIFILCKA GAAAGAATTCTGGCAA LSGK AAAGACTTCTTTACAAA TCCAGTTGGCGGAAGC TTAACTGCAATATTTGA ATTATTCTGTTTCGTTA TATCAGTTCCTGTGGTT GCCATTTACTTAATTTT TATACTCTGCAAAGCCC TTTCAGGAAAATGA 468 Colicin-N MHNTLLEK Escherichia 469 ATGCACAATACACTCCT immunity IIAYLSLPG coli CGAAAAAATCATCGCA modulator FHSLNNPP TACCTATCCCTACCAGG (Microcin- LSEAFNLY ATTTCATTCATTAAACA N immunity VHTAPLAA ACCCGCCCCTAAGCGA modulator) TSLFIFTHK AGCATTCAATCTCTATG ELELKPKS TTCATACAGCCCCTTTA SPLRALKIL GCTGCAACCAGCTTATT TPFTILYIS CATATTCACACACAAAG MIYCFLLT AATTAGAGTTAAAACC DTELTLSS AAAGTCGTCACCTCTGC KTFVLIVK GGGCACTAAAGATATT KRSVFVFF AACTCCTTTCACTATTC LYNTIYWD TTTATATATCCATGATA IYIHIFVLL TACTGTTTCTTGCTAAC VPYRNI TGACACAGAACTAACC TTGTCATCAAAAACATT TGTATTAATAGTCAAAA AACGATCTGTTTTTGTC TTTTTTCTATATAACAC TATATATTGGGATATAT ATATTCACATATTTGTA CTTTTGGTTCCTTATAG GAACATATAA 470 Colicin-E8 MELKNSIS Escherichia 471 ATGGAACTGAAAAACA immunity DYTETEFK coli GCATTAGTGATTACACT modulator KIIEDIINCE GAAACTGAATTCAAAA (ImmE8) GDEKKQD AAATTATTGAAGACATC (Microcin- DNLEHFIS ATCAATTGTGAAGGTG E8 VTEHPSGS ATGAAAAAAAACAGGA immunity DLIYYPEG TGATAACCTCGAGCATT modulator) NNDGSPEA TTATAAGTGTTACTGAG VIKEIKEW CATCCTAGTGGTTCTGA RAANGKSG TCTGATTTATTACCCAG FKQG AAGGTAATAATGATGG TAGCCCTGAAGCTGTTA TTAAAGAGATTAAAGA ATGGCGAGCTGCTAAC GGTAAGTCAGGATTTA AACAGGGCTGA 472 Lactococcin-A MKKKQIEF Lactococcus 473 ATGAAAAAAAAACAAA immunity ENELRSML lactis TAGAATTTGAAAACGA modulator ATALEKDI subsp. GCTAAGAAGTATGTTG SQEERNAL lactis GCTACCGCCCTTGAAAA NIAEKALD (Streptococcus AGACATTAGTCAAGAG NSEYLPKII lactis) GAAAGAAATGCTCTGA LNLRKALT ATATTGCAGAAAAGGC PLAINRTL GCTTGACAATTCTGAAT NHDLSELY ATTTACCAAAAATTATT KFITSSKAS TTAAACCTCAGAAAAG NKNLGGG CCCTAACTCCATTAGCT LIMSWGRLF ATAAATCGAACACTTAA CCATGATTTATCTGAAC TGTATAAATTCATTACA AGTTCCAAAGCATCAA ACAAAAATTTAGGTGG TGGTTTAATTATGTCGT GGGGACGACTATTCTAA 474 Lactococcin-A MKKKQIEF Lactococcus 475 ATGAAAAAAAAACAAA immunity ENELRSML lactis TAGAATTTGAAAACGA modulator ATALEKDI subsp. GCTAAGAAGTATGTTG SQEERNAL cremoris GCTACCGCCCTTGAAAA NIAEKALD (Streptococcus AGACATTAGTCAAGAG NSEYLPKII cremoris) GAAAGAAATGCTCTGA LNLRKALT ATATTGCAGAAAAGGC PLAINRTL GCTTGACAATTCTGAAT NHDLSELY ATTTACCAAAAATTATT KFITSSKAS TTAAACCTCAGAAAAG NKNLGGG CCCTAACTCCATTAGCT LIMSWGRLF ATAAATCGAACACTTAA CCATGATTTATCTGAAC TGTATAAATTCATTACA AGTTCCAAAGCATCAA ACAAAAATTTAGGTGG TGGTTTAATTATGTCGT GGGGACGACTATTCTAA 476 Colicin-D MNKMAMI Escherichia 477 ATGATCGATTTGGCGA immunity DLAKLFLA coli AATTATTTTTAGCTTCG modulator SKITAIEFS AAAATTACAGTGATTG (Microcin- ERICVERR AGTTTTCAGAGCGAATT D immunity RLYGVKDL TGTGTTGAACGGAGAA modulator) SPNILNCG GATTGTATGGTGTTAAG EELFMAAE GATTTGTCTCCGAATAT RFEPDADR ATTAAATTGTGGGGAA ANYEIDDN GAGTTGTCTATGGCTGC GLKVEVRS TGAGCGATTTGAGCCT ILEKFKL GATGCAGATAGGGCTA ATTATGAAATTGATGAT AATGGACTTAAGGTCG AGGTCCGATCTATCTTG GAAAAACTTAAATCAT AA 478 Colicin-E5 MKLSPKAA Escherichia 479 ATGAAGTTATCACCAA immunity IEVCNEAA coli AAGCTGCAATAGAAGT modulator KKGLWILG TTGTAATGAAGCAGCG (ImmE5) IDGGHWLN AAAAAAGGCTTATGGA (Microcin- PGFRIDSSA TTTTGGGCATTGATGGT E5 SWTYDMP GGGCATTGGCTGAATC immunity EEYKSKIPE CTGGATTCAGGATAGA modulator) NNRLAIENI TAGTTCAGCATCATGGA KDDIENGY CATATGATATGCCGGA TAFIITLKM GAATACAAATCAAAAA TCCCTGAAAATAATAG ATTGGCTATTGAAAATA TTAAAGATGATATTGA GAATGGATACACTGCTT TCATTATCACGTTAA 480 Colicin-E6 MGLKLHIN Escherichia 481 ATGGGGCTTAAATTAC immunity WFDKRTEE coli ATATTAATTGGTTTGAT modulator FKGGEYSK AAGACGACCGAGGAAT (ImmE6) DFGDDGSV TTAAAGGTGGTGAGTA (Microcin- IERLGMPF TTCAAAAGATTTTGGAG E6 KDNINNG ATGATGGCTCGGTCATT immunity WFDVIAEW GAACGTCTTGGAATGC modulator) VPLLQPYF CTTTAAAAGATAATATC NHQIDISD AATAATGGTTGGTTTGA NEYFVSFD TGTTATAGCTGAATGG YRDGDW GTACCTTTGCTACAACC ATACTTTAATCATCAAA TTGATATTTCCGATAAT GAGTATTTTGTTTCGTT TGATTATCGTGATGGTG ATTGGTGA 482 Colicin-E8 MELKKSIG Escherichia 483 GTGGAGCTAAAGAAAA immunity DYTETEFK coli GTATTGGTGATTACACT modulator KIIENIINCE GAAACCGAATTCAAAA in ColE6 GDEKKQD AAATTATTGAAAACATC (E8Imm[E6]) DNLEHFIS ATCAATTGTGAAGGTG VTEHPSGS ATGAAAAAAAACAGGA DLIYYPEG TGATAACCTCGAGCATT NNDGSPEA TTATAAGTGTTACTGAG VIKEIKEW CATCCTAGTGGTTCTGA RAANGKSG TCTGATTTATTACCCAG FKQG AAGGTAATAATGATGG TAGCCCTGAAGCTGTTA TTAAAGAGATTAAAGA ATGGCGAGCTGCTAAC GGTAAGTCAGGATTTA AACAGGGCTGA 484 Colicin-E9 MELKHSIS Escherichia 485 ATGGAACTGAAGCATA immunity DYTEAEFL coli GCATTAGTGATTATACA modulator QLVTTICN GAAGCTGAATTTTTACA (ImmE9) ADTSSEEE ACTTGTAACAACAATTT (Microcin- LVKLVTHF GTAATGCGAACACTTCC E9 EEMTEHPS AGTGAAGAAGAACTGG immunity GSDLIYYP TTAAATTGGTTACACAC modulator) KEGDDDSP TTTGAGGAAATGACTG SGIVNTVK AGCACCCTAGTGGTAG QWRAANG TGATTTAATATATTACC KSGFKQG CAAAAGAAGGTGATGA TGACTCACCTTCAGGTA TTGTAAACACAGTAAA ACAATGGCGAGCCGCT AACGGTAAGTCAGGAT TTAAACAGGGCTAA 486 Colicin-M MLTLYGYI Escherichia 487 ATGAAAGTAATTAGCA immunity RNVFLYR coli TGAAATTTATTTTTATT modulator MNDRSCG TTAACGATTATTGCTCT (Microcin-M DFMKVISM TGCTGCTGTTTTTTTCT immunity KFIFILTIIA GGTCTGAAGATAAAGG modulator) LAAVFFWS TCCGGCATGCTATCAGG EDKGPACY TCAGCGATGAACAGGC QVSDEQAR CAGAACGTTTGTAAAA TFVKNDYL AATGATTACCTGCAAA QRMKRWD GAATGAAACGCTGGGA NDVQLLGT CAACGATGTACAACTTC EIPKITWEK TTGGTACAGAAATCCC IERSLTDVE GAAAATTACATGGGAA DEKTLLVP AAGATTGAGAGAAGTT FKAEGPDG TAACAGATGTTGAAGA KRMYYGM TGAAAAAACACTTCTTG YHCEEGY TCCCATTTAAAGCTGAA VEYAKD GGCCCGGACGGTAAGA GAATGTATTATGGCATG TACCATTGTGAGGAGG GATATGTTGAATATGCG AATGACTAA 488 Colicin-B MTSNKDK Escherichia 489 ATGACCAGCAATAAAG immunity NKKANEIL coli ATAAGAACAAGAAAGC modulator YAFSIIGIIP AAACGAAATATTATAT (Microcin- LMAILILRI GCATTTTCCATAATCGG B immunity NDPYSQVL GATTATTCCATTAATGG modulator) YYLYNKV CTATATTAATACTTCGA AFLPSITSL ATAAATGATCCATATTC HDPVMTTL TCAAGTGCTGTACTACT MSNYNKT TATATAATAAGGTGGC APVMGILV ATTTCTCCCTTCTATTA FLCTYKTR CATCATTGCATGATCCC EIIKPVTRK GTCATGACAACACTTAT LVVQSCFW GTCAAACTACAACAAG GPVFYAILI ACAGCGCCAGTTATGG YITLFYNLE GTATTCTCGTTTTTCTT LTTAGGFF TGCACATATAAGACAA KLLSHNVI GAGAAATCATAAAGCC TLFILYCSI AGTAACAAGAAAACTT YFTVLTMT GTTGTGCAATCCTGTTT YAILLMPL CTGGGGGCCCGTTTTTT LVIKYFKG ATGCCATTCTGATTTAT RQ ATCACACTGTTCTATAA TCTGGAACTAACAACA GCAGGTGGTTTTTTTAA ATTATTATCTCATAATG TCATCACTCTGTTTATT TTATATTGCTCCATTTA CTTTACTGTTTTAACCA TGACATATGCGATTTTA CTGATGCCATTACTTGT CATTAAATATTTTAAAG GGAGGCAGTAA 490 Colicin-V MDRKRTK Escherichia 491 ATGGATAGAAAAAGAA immunity LELLFAFII coli CAAAATTAGAGTTGTTA modulator NATAIYIAL TTTGCATTTATAATAAA (Microcin- AIYDCVFR TGCCACCGCAATATATA V immunity GKDFLSMH TTGCATTAGCTATATAT modulator) TFCFSALM GATTGTGTTTTTAGAGG SAICYFVG AAAGGACTTTTTATCCA DNYYSISD TGCATACATTTTGCTTC KIKRRSYE TCTGCATTAATGTCTGC NSDSK AATATGTTACTTTGTTG GTGATAATTATTATTCA ATATCCGATAAGATAA AAAGGAGATCATATGA GAACTCTGACTCTAAAT GA 492 Colicin- MSLRYYIK Shigella 493 ATGAGTTTAAGATACTA E1* NILFGLYC sonnei CATAAAAAATATTTTGT immunity ALIYIYLIT TTGGCCTATACTGCGCA modulator KNNEGYYF CTTATATATATATACCT (ImmE1) LASDKMLY TATAACAAAAAACAAC (Microcin- AIVISTILCP GAAGGGTATTATTTCCT E1* YSKYAIEHI AGCGTCAGATAAGATG immunity FFKFIKKDF CTATACGCAATAGTGAT modulator) FRKRKNLN AAGCACTATTCTATGCC KCPRGKIK CATATTCAAAATATGCT PYLCVYNL ATTGAACACATATTTTT LCLVLAIPF TAAGTTCATAAAGAAA GLLGLVYI GATTTTTTCAGAAAAAG NKE AAAAAACCTAAATAAA TGCCCCCGTGGCAAAA TTAAACCGTATTTATGC GTATACAATCTACTTTG TTTGGTCCTAGCAATCC CATTTGGATTGCTAGGA CTTGTTTATATCAATAA AGAATAA 494 Colicin-E1 MSLRYYIK Escherichia 495 ATGAGCTTAAGATACTA immunity NILFGLYC coli CATAAAAAATATTTTAT modulator TLIYIYLIT TTGGCCTGTACTGCACA (ImmE1) KNSEEYYF CTTATATATATATACCT (Microcin- LVTDKML TATAACAAAAAACAGC E1 YAIVISTIL GAAGAGTATTATTTCCT immunity CPYSKYAI TGTGACAGATAAGATG modulator) EHIAFNFIK CTATATGCAATAGTGAT KHFFERRK AAGCACTATTCTATGTC NLNNAPVA CATATTCAAAATATGCT KLNLFMLY ATTGAACACATAGCTTT NLLCLVLA TAACTTCATAAAGAAAC IPFGLLGLF ATTTTTTCGAAAGAAGA ISIKNN AAAAACCTAAATAACG CCCCCGTAGCAAAATTA AACCTATTTATGCTATA TAATCTACTTTGTTTGG TCCTAGCAATCCCATTT GGATTGCTAGGACTTTT TATATCAATAAAGAATA ATTAA 496 Probable MRKNNILL Leuconostoc 497 TTGAGAAAAAATAACA leucocin-A DDAKIYTN gelidum TTTTATTGGACGATGCT immunity KLYLLLID AAAATATACACGAACA modulator RKDDAGY AACTCTATTTGCTATTA GDICDVLF ATCGATAGAAAAGATG QVSKKLDS ACGCTGGGTATGGAGA TKNVEALI TATTTGTGATGTTTTGT NRLVNYIRI TTCAGGTATCCAAAAA TASTNRIKF ATTAGATAGCACAAAA SKDEEAVII AATGTAGAAGCATTGA ELGVIGQK TTAACCGATTGGTCAAT AGLNGQY TATATACGAATTACCGC MADFSDKS TTCAACAAACAGAATTA QFYSIFER AGTTTTCAAAAGATGA AGAGGCTGTAATTATA GAACTTGGTGTAATTG GTCAGAAGGCTGGATT AAACGGCCAATACATG GCTGATTTTTCTGACAA ATCTCAGTTTTATAGTA TCTTTGAAAGATAA 498 Lactococcin-B MKKKVDT Lactococcus 499 ATGAAAAAAAAAGTTG immunity EKQITSWA lactis ATACAGAAAAACAAAT modulator SDLASKNE subsp. TACTTCTTGGGCATCTG TKVQEKLI cremoris ACTTAGCTTCCAAAAAT LSSYIQDIE (Streptococcus GAAACAAAGGTTCAAG NHVYFPKA cremoris) AAAAATTAATACTGTCT MISLEKKL TCTTATATTCAGGACAT RDQNNICA CGAAAACCATGTTTACT LSKEVNQF TTCCAAAAGCAATGATT YFKVVEVN TCTTTAGAAAAAAAATT QRKSWMV ACGAGACCAAAATAAT GLIV ATTTGCGCTTTATCAAA AGAAGTCAATCAGTTTT ATTTTAAAGTTGTTGAA GTAAATCAAAGAAAAT CCTGGATGGTAGGTTTG ATAGTTTAA 500 Pediocin MNKTKSE Pediococcus 501 ATGAATAAGACTAAGT PA-1 HIKQQALD acidilactici CGGAACATATTAAACA immunity LFTRLQFLL ACAAGCTTTGGACTTAT modulator QKHDTIEP TTACTAGGCTACAGTTT (Pediocin YQYVLDIL TTACTACAGAAGCACG ACH ETGISKTK ATACTATCGAACCTTAC immunity HNQQTPER CAGTACGTTTTAGATAT modulator) QARVVYN TCTGGAGACTGGTATCA KIASQALV GTAAAACTAAACATAA DKLHFTAE CCAGCAAACGCCTGAA ENKVLAAI CGACAAGCTCGTGTAG NELAHSQK TCTACAACAAGATTGCC GWGEFNM AGCCAAGCGTTAGTAG LDTTNTWP ATAAGTTACATTTTACT SQ GCCGAAGAAAACAAAG TTCTAGCAGCCATCAAT GAATTGGCGCATTCTCA AAAAGGGTGGGGCGAG TTTAACATGCTAGATAC TACCAATACGTGGCCTA GCCAATAG 502 Putative MIKDEKIN Carnobacterium 503 ATGATAAAAGATGAAA carnobacteriocin- KIYALVKS maltaromaticum AAATAAATAAAATCTAT BM1 ALDNTDV (Carnobacterium GCTTTAGTTAAGAGCGC immunity KNDKKLSL piscicola) ACTTGATAATACGGAT modulator LLMRIQET GTTAAGAATGATAAAA SINGELFY AACTTTCTTTACTTCTT DYKKELQP ATGAGAATACAAGAAA AISMYSIQ CATCAATTAATGGAGA HNFRVPDD ACTATTTTACGATTATA LVKLLALV AAAAAGAATTACAGCC QTPKAWS AGCTATTAGTATGTACT GF CTATTCAACATAACTTT CGGGTTCCTGACGATCT AGTAAAACTGTTAGCAT TAGTTCAAACACCTAAA GCTTGGTCAGGGTTTTAA 504 Putative MDIKSQTL Carnobacterium 505 ATGGATATAAAGTCTCA carnobacteriocin- YLNLSEAY maltaromaticum AACATTATATTTGAATC B2 KDPEVKAN (Carnobacterium TAAGCGAGGCATATAA immunity EFLSKLVV piscicola) AGACCCTGAAGTAAAA modulator QCAGKLTA GCTAATGAATTCTTATC (Carnocin- SNSENSYIE AAAATTAGTTGTACAAT CP52 VISLLSRGI GTGCTGGGAAATTAAC immunity SSYYLSHK AGCTTCAAACAGTGAG modulator) RIIPSSMLTI AACAGTTATATTGAAGT YTQIQKDI AATATCATTGCTATCTA KNGNIDTE GGGGTATTTCTAGTTAT KLRKYEIA TATTTATCCCATAAACG KGLMSVPY TATAATTCCTTCAAGTA IYF TGTTAACTATATATACT CAAATACAAAAGGATA TAAAAAACGGGAATAT TGACACCGAAAAATTA AGGAAATATGAGATAG CAAAAGGATTAATGTC CGTTCCTTATATATATT TCTAA 506 Nisin MRRYLILI Lactococcus 507 ATGAGAAGATATTTAAT immunity VALIGITGL lactis ACTTATTGTGGCCTTAA modulator SGCYQTSH subsp. TAGGGATAACAGGTTT KKVRFDEG lactis ATCAGGGTGTTATCAA SYTNFIYD (Streptococcus ACAAGTCATAAAAAGG NKSYFVTD lactis) TGAGGTTTGACGAAGG KEIPQENV AAGTTATACTAATTTTA NNSKVKFY TTTATGATAATAAATCG KLLIVDMK TATTTCGTAACTGATAA SEKLLSSSN GGAGATTCCTCAGGAG KNSVTLVL AACGTTAACAATTCCAA NNIYEASD AGTAAAATTTTATAAGC KSLCMGIN TGTTGATTGTTGACATG DRYYKILP AAAAGTGAGAAACTTT ESDKGAVK TATCAAGTAGCAACAA ALRLQNFD AAATAGTGTGACTTTGG VTSDISDD TCTTAAATAATATTTAT NFVIDKND GAGGCTTCTGACAAGT SRKIDYMG CGCTATGTATGGGTATT NIYSISDTT AACGACAGATACTATA VSDEELGE AGATACTTCCAGAAAG YQDVLAE TGATAAGGGGGCGGTC VRVFDSVS AAAGCTTTGAGATTACA GKSIPRSE AAACTTTGATGTGACAA WGRIDKD GCGATATTTCTGATGAT GSNSKQSR AATTTTGTTATTGATAA TEWDYGEI AAATGATTCACGAAAA HSIRGKSLT ATTGACTATATGGGAA EAFAVEIN ATATTTACAGTATATCG DDFKLATK GACACCACCGTATCTGA VGN TGAAGAATTGGGAGAA TATCAGGATGTTTTAGC TGAAGTACGTGTGTTTG ATTCAGTTAGTGGCAA AAGTATCCCGAGGTCT GAATGGGGGAGAATTG ATAAGGATGGTTCAAA TTCCAAACAGAGTAGG ACGGAATGGGATTATG GCGAAATCCATTCTATT AGAGGAAAATCTCTTA CTGAAGCATTTGCCGTT GAGATAAATGATGATT TTAAGCTTGCAACGAA GGTAGGAAACTAG 508 Trifolitoxin MNDEICLT Rhizobium 509 ATGAATGATGAGATTT immunity GGGRTTVT leguminosarum GCCTGACAGGTGGCGG modulator RRGGVVY bv. ACGAACGACTGTCACG REGGPWSS trifolii CGGCGCGGCGGAGTCG TVISLLRHL TGTATCGCGAAGGCGG EASGFAEA CCCGTGGTCATCAACCG PSVVGTGF TCATTTCGCTCCTGCGG DERGRETL CATCTGGAAGCCTCTGG SFIEGEFVH CTTCGCTGAAGCTCCTT PGPWSEEA CCGTTGTCGGCACCGGT FPQFGMML TTCGATGAGCGCGGCC RRLHDATA GGGAGACATTATCGTTT SFKPPENS ATCGAGGGTGAGTTTG MWRDWFG TTCACCCAGGCCCTTGG RNLGEGQH TCGGAGGAGGCTTTTCC VIGHCDTG GCAATTTGGAATGATGT PWNIVCRS TGCGGCGACTGCACGA GLPVGLID TGCCACCGCCTCGTTCA WEVAGPV AACCTCCCGAAAACTC RADIELAQ GATGTGGCGCGATTGG ACWLNAQ TTCGGGCGTAACCTCG LYDDDIAE GTGAGGGTCAACACGT RVGLGSVT AATAGGACACTGCGAC MRAHQVR ACAGGCCCATGGAACA LLLDGYGL TTGTTTGCCGGTCAGGA SRKQRGGF TTGCCTGTCGGGTTGAT VDKLITFA AGATTGGGAGGTGGCT VHDAAEQ GGGCCTGTCAGGGCGG AKEAAVTP ATATCGAATTGGCCCA ESNDAEPL GGCTTGTTGGCTGAATG WAIAWRT CCCAGCTCTACGATGAC RSASWML GACATTGCGGAGAGGG HHRQTLEA TCGGATTAGGCTCTGTG ALA ACCATGAGAGCGCATC AAGTTCGCCTGCTGCTT GACGGCTATGGTCTGTC TCGGAAGCAACGCGGC GGCTTCGTCGACAAGCT AATCACGTTCGCAGTTC ACGATGCGGCCGAGCA GGCGAAAGAGGCGGCT GTCACGCCAGAGTCGA ACGATGCGGAACCGCT ATGGGCAATTGCCTGG CGCACTAGAAGTGCCT CCTGGATGCTCCATCAT CGGCAAACACTGGAAG CAGCGCTGGCATAG 510 Antilisterial MNNIIPIMS Bacillus 511 ATGAATAACATAATCCC bacteriocin LLFKQLYS subtilis TATCATGTCTTTGCTGT subtilosin RQGKKDAI (strain 168) TCAAACAGCTTTACAGC biosynthesis RIAAGLVIL CGGCAAGGGAAAAAGG protein AVFEIGLIR ACGCCATCCGCATTGCC AlbD QAGIDESV GCAGGCCTTGTCATTCT LRKTYIILA GGCCGTGTTTGAAATC LLLMNTY GGGCTGATCCGCCAGG MVFLSVTS CCGGCATTGATGAATC QWKESYM GGTGTTGCGCAAAACG KLSCLLPIS TATATCATACTCGCGCT SRSFWLAQ TCTTTTGATGAACACAT SVVLFVDT ATATGGTGTTTCTTTCC CLRRTLFFF GTGACATCACAATGGA ILPLFLFGN AGGAATCTTATATGAA GTLSGAQT GCTGAGCTGCCTGCTGC LFWLGRFS CGATTTCTTCACGGAGC FFTVYSIIF TTTTGGCTCGCCCAGAG GVVLSNHF TGTCGTTTTGTTTGTCG VKKKNLM ATACCTGTTTGAGAAG FLLHAAIFA AACTTTATTCTTTTTTA CVCISAAL TTTTACCGCTGTTCTTA MPAATIPL TTTGGAAACGGAACGC CAVHILWA TGTCAGGGGCGCAAAC VVIDFPVFL ATTGTTTTGGCTCGGCA QAPPQQGK GGTTTTCGTTTTTTACC MHSFMRRS GTTTACTCCATTATTTT EFSFYKRE CGGAGTTGTGCTAAGC WNRFISSK AACCACTTCGTCAAAAA AMLLNYA GAAGAACTTGATGTTTC VMAVFSGF TGCTGCATGCGGCGAT FSFQMMNT ATTCGCCTGTGTATGTA GIFNQQVI TCAGCGCCGCTTTGATG YIVISALLL CCGGCCGCCACGATTCC ICSPIALLY GCTTTGCGCGGTTCATA SIEKNDRM TCCTGTGGGCGGTGGT LLITLPIKR CATTGACTTTCCTGTCT KTMFWAK TTCTGCAGGCGCCTCCG YRFYSGLL CAGCAGGGCAAGATGC AGGFLLVV ATTCATTTATGCGGCGA MIVGFISGR TCTGAATTTTCGTTTTA SISVLTFLQ CAAAAGAGAATGGAAC CIELLLAG CGATTTATCTCTTCTAA AYIRLTAD AGCGATGCTGTTAAATT EKRPSFSW ACGCGGTAATGGCGGT QTEQQLWS ATTCAGCGGCTTCTTTT GFSKYRSY CGTTCCAGATGATGAA LFCLPLFLA CACCGGCATCTTCAATC ILAGTAVS AGCAAGTGATTTATATC LAVIPIAGL GTGATTTCCGCGCTTTT VIVYYLQK GCTCATCTGCTCGCCGA QDGGFFDT TCGCCCTTTTGTATTCG SKRERLGS ATTGAAAAAAATGACC GGATGCTGCTCATCACG CTTCCGATCAAGCGAA AAACGATGTTTTGGGC GAAATATCGCTTTTATT CAGGCCTATTGGCAGG CGGATTTCTCCTTGTCG TGATGATTGTGGGTTTCA 512 Putative MSILDIHD Bacillus 513 GCATTTTGGATATACAC ABC VSVWYER subtilis GATGTATCCGTTTGGTA transporter DNVILEQV (strain 168) TGAACGGGACAACGTC ATP- DLHLEKGA ATCTTAGAGCACGTGG binding VYGLLGV ACTTACACTTAGAAAAA protein NGAGKTTL GGCGCCGTTTACGGATT AlbC INTLTGVN GCTTGGGGTAAACGGT (Antilisterial RNFSGRFT GCCGGCAAAACAACAC bacteriocin LCGIEAEA TGATCAATACGCTGACA subtilosin GMPQKTSD GGAGTGAACCGCAATT biosynthesis QLKTHRYF ACAGCGGGGGCTTTAC protein AADYPLLF GCTGTGCGGCATTGAA AlbC) TEITAKDY GCTGAGGCCGGCATGC VSFVHSLY CGCAGAAAACATCAGA QKDFSEQQ TCAACTGAAGATTCACC FASLAEAF GTTACTTCGCCGCTGAT HFSKYINR TATCCGCTGCTGTTTAC RISELSLGN AGAAATTACGGCGAAG RQKVVLM GACTATGTGTCTTTCGT TGLLLRAP CCATTCGCTTTATCAAA LFILDEPLV AGGATTTTTCAGAGCG GLDVESIE ACAGTTTGCCAGTTTGG VFYQKMR CTGAGGCCTTTCATTTT EYCEAGGT TCAAAATACATCAACA ILFSSHLLD GGAGAATCTCGGAGCT VVQRFCDY GTCCTTGGGGAACAGG AAILHNKQ CAAAAGGTTGTGTTGAT IQKVIPIGE GACAGGATTATTGCTGC ETDLRREF GGGCTCCCCTGTTTATT FEVIGHE TTGGATGAGCCGCTCGT CGGTTTGGATGTGGAA TCAATAGAGGTCTTTTA TCAGAAAATGCGGGAG TACTGTGAGGAAGGCG GAACCATTTTGTTTTCT TCCCATCTGCTCGATGT CGTGCAGAGATTTTGTG ATTTTGCGGCCATTCTG CACAACAAACAGATCC AAAAGGTCATTCCGATT GGGGAGGAGACCGATC TGCGGCGGGAATTTTTT GAGGTTATCGGCCATG AATAA 514 Antilisterial MSPAQRRI Bacillus 515 TTGTCACCAGCACAAA bacteriocin LLYILSFIF subtilis GAAGAATTTTACTGTAT subtilosin VIGAVVYF (strain 168) ATCCTTTCATTTATCTT biosynthesis VKSDYLFT TGTCATCGGCGCAGTC protein LIFIAIAILF GTCTATTTTGTCAAAAG AlbB GMRARKA CGATTATCTGTTTACGC DSR TGATTTTCATTGCCATT GCCATTCTGTTCGGGAT GCGCGCGCGGAAGGCT GACTCGCGATGA 516 Colicin-E7 MELKNSIS Escherichia 517 ATGGAACTGAAAAATA immunity DYTEAEFV coli GTATTAGTGATTACACA modulator QLLKEIEK GAGGCTGAGTTTGTTCA (ImmE7) ENVAATD ACTTCTTAAGGAAATTG (Microcin- DVLDVLLE AAAAAGAGAATGTTGC E7 HFVKITEH TGCAACTGATGATGTGT immunity PDGTDLIY TAGATGTGTTACTCGAA modulator) YPSDNRDD CACTTTGTAAAAATTAC SPEGIVKEI TGAGCATCCAGATGGA KEWRAAN ACGGATCTGATTTATTA GKPGFKQG TCCTAGTGATAATAGA GACGATAGCCCCGAAG GGATTGTCAAGGAAAT TAAAGAATGGCGAGCT GCTAACGGTAAGCCAG GATTTAAACAGGGCTGA 518 Pyocin-S1 MKSKISEY Pseudomonas 519 ATGAAGTCCAAGATTTC immunity TEKEFLEF aeruginosa CGAATATACGGAAAAA modulator VEDIYTNN GAGTTTCTTGAGTTTGT KKKFPTEE TGAAGACATATACACA SHIQAVLE AACAATAAGAAAAAGT FKKLTEHP TCCCTACCGAGGAGTCT SGSDLLYY CATATTCAAGCCGTGCT PNENREDS TGAATTTAAAAAACTAA PAGVVKEV CGGAACACCCAAGCGG KEWRASK CTCAGACCTTCTTTACT GLPGFKAG ACCCCAACGAAAATAG AGAAGATAGCCCAGCT GGAGTTGTAAAGGAAG TTAAAGAATGGCGTGC TTCCAAGGGGCTTCCTG GCTTTAAGGCCGGTTAG 520 Pyocin-S2 MKSKISEY Pseudomonas 521 ATGAAGTCCAAGATTTC immunity TEKEFLEF aeruginosa CGAATATACGGAAAAA modulator VKDIYTNN (strain GAGTTTCTTGAGTTTGT KKKFPTEE ATCC TAAAGACATATACACA SHIQAVLE 15692/ AACAATAAGAAAAAGT FKKLTEHP PAO1/1C/ TCCCTACCGAGGAGTCT SGSDLLYY PRS 101/ CATATTCAAGCCGTGCT PNENREDS LMG TGAATTTAAAAAACTAA PAGVVKEV 12228) CGGAACACCCAAGCGG KEWRASK CTCAGACCTTCTTTACT GLPGFKAG ACCCCAACGAAAATAG AGAAGATAGCCCAGCT GGAGTTGTAAAGGAAG TTAAAGAATGGCGTGC TTCCAAGGGGCTTCCTG GCTTTAAGGCCGGTTAG 522 Hiracin- MDFTKEEK Enterococcus 523 ATGGATTTTACTAAAGA JM79 LLNAISKV hirae AGAAAAACTTTTAAAT immunity YNEATIDD GCAATTAGTAAAGTAT factor YPDLKEKL ACAATGAAGCAACTAT FLYSKEISE AGATGACTATCCTGACT GKSVGEVS TAAAAGAAAAGCTCTTT MKLSSFLG CTTTATTCTAAAGAAAT RYILKHKF CAGTGAGGGAAAAAGT GLPKSLIEL GTTGGTGAAGTTAGTAT QEIVSKES GAAATTAAGTAGTTTTC QVYRGWA TTGGAAGATATATTTTA SIGIWS AAACATAAATTTGGATT ACCTAAATCTTTAATAG AATTACAAGAAATTGTT AGTAAGGAATCTCAAG TATATAGAGGATGGGC TTCTATTGGTATTTGGA GTTAA 524 Probable MKKKYRY Leuconostoc 525 TTGAAAAAAAAGTATC mesentericin- LEDSKNYT mesenteroides GGTATTTAGAAGATAG Y105 STLYSLLV CAAAAATTACACTAGTA immunity DNVDKPG CACTCTATTCTCTGTTA modulator YSDICDVL GTTGATAATGTTGACAA LQVSKKLD ACCTGGATACTCAGATA NTQSVEAL TTTGCGATGTTTTGCTT INRLVNYIR CAAGTTTCTAAGAAGTT ITASTYKIIF GGATAATACTCAAAGT SKKEEELII GTTGAAGCGCTAATTA KLGVIGQK ATCGATTGGTTAATTAT AGLNGQY ATTCGTATTACTGCTTC MADFSDKS AACATACAAAATTATTT QFYSVFDQ TTTCAAAAAAAGAAGA GGAATTGATTATAAAA CTTGGTGTTATTGGACA AAAAGCTGGACTTAAT GGTCAGTATATGGCTG ATTTTTCAGACAAGTCT CAGTTTTACAGCGTTTT CGATCAGTAA 526 Microcin- MSFLNFAF Escherichia 527 ATGAGTTTTCTTAATTT 24 SPVFFSIMA coli TGCATTTTCTCCTGTAT immunity CYFIVWRN TCTTCTCCATTATGGCG modulator KRNEFVCN TGTTATTTCATTGTATG RLLSIIIISFL GAGAAATAAACGAAAC ICFIYPWLN GAATTTGTCTGCAATAG YKIEVKYY ATTGCTATCAATTATAA IFEQFYLFC TAATATCTTTTTTGATA FLSSLVAV TGCTTCATATATCCATG VINLIVYFI GCTAAATTACAAAATC LYRRCI GAAGTTAAATATTATAT ATTTGAACAGTTTTATC TTTTTTGTTTTTTATCGT CACTCGTGGCTGTTGTA ATAAACCTAATTGTATA CTTTATATTATACAGGA GATGTATATGA 528 Colicin-K MHLKYYL Escherichia 529 ATGCATTTAAAATACTA immunity HNLPESLIP coli CCTACATAATTTACCTG modulator WILILIFND AATCACTTATACCATGG NDNTPLLFI ATTCTTATTTTAATATT FISSIHVLL TAACGACAATGATAAC YPYSKLTIS ACTCCTTTGTTATTTAT RYIKENTK ATTTATATCATCAATAC LKKEPWYL ATGTATTGCTATATCCA CKLSALFY TACTCTAAATTAACCAT LLMAIPVG ATCTAGATATATCAAAG LPSFIYYTL AAAATACAAAGTTAAA KRN AAAAGAACCCTGGTAC TTATGCAAGTTATCTGC ATTGTTTTATTTATTAA TGGCAATCCCAGTAGG ATTGCCAAGTTTCATAT ATTACACTCTAAAGAG AAATTAA 530 Microcin MMIQSHPL Escherichia 531 ATGATGATACAATCTCA C7 self- LAAPLAVG coli TCCACTACTGGCCGCTC immunity DTIGFFSSS CCCTGGCAGTAGGAGA modulator APATVTAK TACAATTGGTTTCTTTT MccF NRFFRGVE CATCATCTGCTCCGGCA FLQRKGFK ACAGTTACTGCAAAAA LVSGKLTG ATCGTTTTTTTCGGGGA KTDFYRSG GTTGAGTTTCTTCAGAG TIKERAQE AAAGGGATTTAAGCTG FNELVYNP GTATCAGGGAAGCTTA DITCIMSTI CCGGTAAAACAGATTTT GGDNSNSL TATCGTTCAGGTACTAT LPFLDYDA TAAAGAAAGAGCTCAA IIANPKIIIG GAATTTAATGAGTTAGT YSDTTALL CTACAATCCTGATATTA AGIYAKTG CCTGTATAATGTCAACG LITFYGPAL ATCGGTGGAGATAACA IPSFGEHPP GTAATTCACTACTACCG LVDITYESF TTTCTGGACTATGATGC IKILTRKQS TATCATTGCAAACCCCA GIYTYTLP AAATTATCATAGGTTAC EKWSDESI TCAGATACAACTGCTTT NWNENKIL ATTAGCAGGAATATAT RPKKLYKN GCAAAAACAGGGTTAA NCAFYGSG TAACATTCTATGGACCA KVEGRVIG GCTCTTATTCCTTCGTT GNLNTLTG TGGTGAACATCCACCTC IWGSEWM TTGTGGATATAACATAT PEILNGDIL GAATCATTTATTAAAAT FIEDSRKSI ACTAACAAGAAAACAA ATIERLFS TCAGGAATATATACCTA MLKLNRVF CACATTACCTGAAAAGT DKVSAIILG GGAGTGATGAGAGCAT KHELFDCA AAACTGGAATGAAAAC GSKRRPYE AAGATATTAAGGCCTA VLTEVLDG AGAAGCTATATAAAAA KQIPVLDG CAACTGTGCCTTTTATG FDCSHTHP GTTCCGGAAAAGTTGA MLTLPLGV GGGGCGTGTAATTGGA KLAIDFDN GGAAATCTAAATACTTT KNISITEQY GACAGGTATATGGGGG LSTEK AGTGAATGGATGCCTG AAATTCTTAATGGAGAT ATATTGTTTATTGAGGA CAGTCGGAAAAGCATT GCAACAATTGAACGAT TATTCTCTATGCTAAAG CTTAATCGCGTGTTTGA TAAAGTTAGTGCAATA ATACTCGGGAAACATG AGCTTTTTGATTGTGCA GGAAGTAAACGCAGAC CATATGAAGTATTAACA GAGGTATTAGATGGGA AACAGATTCCTGTACTG GATGGATTTGATTGTTC ACATACACATCCAATGC TAACTCTTCCACTTGGT GTAAAATTAGCTATTGA CTTTGACAACAAAAATA TAT 532 Sakacin-A MKADYKKI Lactobacillus 533 GGCAGATTATAAAAAA immunity NSILTYTST sakei ATAAATTCAATACTAAC factor ALKNPKIIK TTACACATCTACTGCTT DKDLVVLL TAAAAAACCCTAAAATT TIIQEEAKQ ATAAAAGATAAAGATT NRIFYDYK TAGTAGTCCTTCTAACT RKFRPAVT ATTATTCAAGAAGAAG RFTIDNNFE CCAAACAAAATAGAAT IPDCLVKL CTTTTATGATTATAAAA LSAVETPK GAAAATTTCGTCCAGC AWSGFS GGTTACTCGCTTTACAA TTGATAATAATTTTGAG ATTCCTGATTGTTTGGT TAAACTACTGTCAGCTG TTGAAACACCTAAGGC GTGGTCTGGATTTAGTT AG 534 Colicin-E5 MKLSPKAA Escherichia 535 TGAAGTTATCACCAAA immunity IEVCNEAA coli AGCTGCAATAGAAGTT modulator KKGLWILG TGTAATGAAGCAGCGA in ColE9 IDGGHWLN AAAAAGGCTTATGGAT (E5Imm[E9]) PGFRIDSSA TTTGGGCATTGATGGTG SWTYDMP GGCATTGGCTGAATCCT EEYKSKTP GGATTCAGGATAGATA ENNRLAIE GTTCAGCATCATGGAC NIKDDIEN ATATGATATGCCGGAG GYTAFIITL GAATACAAATCAAAAA KM CCCCTGAAAATAATAG ATTGGCTATTGAAAATA TTAAAGATGATATTGA GAATGGATACACTGCTT TCATTATCACGTTAAAG ATGTAA 536 Antilisterial MNNIFPIM Bacillus 537 TTGGGGAGGAGACCGA bacteriocin SLLFKQLY subtilis TCTGCGGCGGGAATTTT subtilosin SRQGKKDA TTGAGGTTATCGGCCAT biosynthesis IRIAAGLVI GAATAACATATTCCCCA protein LAVFEIGLI TCATGTCGTTGCTGTTC AlbD RQAGIDES AAACAGCTGTACAGCC VLGKTYIIL GGCAAGGGAAAAAGGA ALLLMNTY CGCTATCCGCATTGCTG MVFLSVTS CAGGGCTTGTGATTCTC QWKESYM GCCGTGTTTGAAATCG KLSCLLPIS GGCTGATCCGACAAGC SRSFWLAQ CGGCATTGACGAATCG SVVLFVDT GTGTTGGGAAAAACGT CLRRTLFFF ATATCATATTGGCGCTT ILPLFLFGN CTCTTAATGAACACGTA GTLSGAQT TATGGTGTTTCTTTCCG LFWLGRFS TGACATCACAATGGAA FFTVYSILF GGAATCTTATATGAAG GVMLSNHF CTGAGCTGTCTGCTGCC VKKKNSM GATTTCATCACGGAGCT FLLHAAVF TTTGGCTCGCCCAGAGT AFVCLSAA GTCGTTCTGTTTGTCGA FMPAVTIP TACCTGTTTGAGAAGA LCAVHML ACGTTATTCTTTTTTAT WAVIIDFP TTTACCGCTGTTCTTAT VFLQAPPH TTGGAAACGGAACGCT QSKMHFF GTCAGGGGCGCAAACA MRRSEFSF TTGTTTTGGCTTGGCAG YKREWNR ATTTTCGTTTTTTACCG FISSKAMLL TTTACTCGATTCTATTC NYVVMAA GGAGTTATGCTAAGCA FSGFFSFQ ACCATTTCGTCAAAAAG MMNTGIFN AAGAACTCGATGTTTCT QQVIYIVIS GCTGCATGCGGCGGTA ALLLICSPI TTCGCCTTTGTATGCCT ALLYSIEK CAGTGCCGCTTTTATGC NDRMLLIT CGGCCGTCACGATCCC LPIKRRTM GCTATGCGCGGTTCACA FWAKYRF TGCTATGGGCGGTGAT YSGLLAGG CATTGACTTTCCGGTCT FLLVAIIVG TTCTGCAGGCGCCTCCG FISGRPISA CATCAGAGCAAGATGC LTFVQCME ATTTTTTTATGCGGCGA LLLAGAFIR TCTGAATTTTCGTTTTA LTADEKRP CAAAAGAGAATGGAAC SFGWQTEQ CGATTTATTTCTTCTAA QLWSGFSK AGCGATGCTGTTAAATT YRSYLFCL ACGTGGTGATGGCGGC PLFLATLA GTTCAGCGGATTCTTTT GTAVSLAV CGTTCCAGATGATGAA IPIAALIIVY CACTGGCATCTTCAATC YLQKQDG AGCAAGTGATTTATATT GFFDTSKR GTGATTTCCGCTCTATT ERIGS GCTGATTTGCTCGCCGA TCGCCCTTTTGTACTCT ATTGAAAAAAACGATC GCATGCTGCTCATCACG CTTCCAATTAAAAGAA GAACGATGTTTTGGGC GAAATATCGCTTTTATT CAG 538 Microcin- MERKQKN Escherichia 539 ATGGAAAGAAAACAGA J25 export SLFNYIYSL coli AAAACTCATTATTTAAT ATP- MDVRGKF TATATTTATTCATTAAT binding/permease LFFSMLFIT GGATGTAAGAGGTAAA protein SLSSIIISISP TTTTTATTCTTTTCCAT McjD LILAKITDL GTTATTCATTACATCAT (Microcin- LSGSLSNFS TATCATCGATAATCATA J25 YEYLVLLA TCTATTTCACCATTGAT immunity CLYMFCVI TCTTGCAAAGATTACAG modulator) SNKASVFL ATTTACTGTCTGGCTCA (Microcin- FMILQSSLR TTGTCAAATTTTAGTTA J25 INMQKKM TGAATATCTGGTTTTAC secretion SLKYLREL TTGCCTGTTTATACATG ATP- YNENITNL TTTTGCGTTATATCTAA binding SKNNAGYT TAAAGCAAGTGTTTTTT protein TQSLNQAS TATTTATGATACTGCAA McjD) NDIYILVR AGTAGTCTACGTATTAA NVSQNILS CATGCAGAAAAAAATG PVIQLISTI TCGCTAAAGTATTTGAG VVVLSTKD AGAATTGTATAACGAA WFSAGVFF AATATAACTAACTTGAG LYILVFVIF TAAAAATAATGCTGGA NTRLTGSL TATACAACGCAAAGTCT ASLRKHSM TAACCAGGCTTCAAATG DITLNSYSL ACATTTATATTCTTGTG LSDTVDN AGAAATGTTTCCCAGA MIAAKKNN ATATCCTGTCACCTGTT ALRLISERY ATACAACTTATTTCCAC EDALTQEN TATTGTTGTTGTTTTAT NAQKKYW CTACGAAGGACTGGTTT LLSSKVLL TCTGCCGGTGTGTTTTT LNSLLAVIL TCTCTATATTCTGGTAT FGSVFIYNI TTGTAATTTTTAATACC LGVLNGV AGACTGACTGGCAGTTT VSIGHFIMI AGCGTCTCTCAGAAAA TSYIILLST CACAGCATGGATATCA PVENIGAL CTCTTAACTCTTATAGT LSEIRQSM CTGTTATCTGATACTGT SSLAGFIQR TGATAACATGATAGCA HAENKATS GCTAAAAAGAATAATG PSIPFLNME CATTAAGACTTATTTCT RKLNLSIRE GAACGTTATGAAGATG LSFSYSDD CTCTCACTCAGGAAAAC KKILNSVS AATGCTCAGAAAAAAT LDLFTGKM ACTGGTTACTCAGTTCT YSLTGPSG AAAGTTCTTTTATTGAA SGKSTLVK CTCTTTACTTGCTGTAA IISGYYKN TATTATTTGGTTCTGTA YFGDIYLN TTCATATATAATATTTT DISLRNISD AGGTGTGCTGAATGGT EDLNDAIY GTAGTTAGTATCGGCCA YLTQDDYI CTTCATTATGATTACAT FMDTLRFN CATATATCATTCTTCTT LRLANYDA TCAACGCCAGTGGAAA SENEIFKVL ATATAGGGGCATTGCT KLANLSVV AAGTGAGATCAGGCAG NNEPVSLD TCAATGTCTAGCCTGGC THLINRGN AGGTTTTATTCAACGTC NYSGGQK ATGCCGAGAATAAAGC QRISLARLF CACATCTCCTTCAA LRKPAIIIID EATSALDY INESEILSSI RTHFPDALI INISHRINL LECSDCVY VLNEGNIV ASGHFRDL MVSNEYIS GLASVTE 540 Microcin MTLLSFGF Klebsiella 541 ATGACATTACTTTCATT E492 SPVFFSVM pneumoniae TGGATTTTCTCCTGTTT immunity AFCIISRSK TCTTTTCAGTCATGGCG modulator FYPQRTRN TTCTGTATCATTTCACG KVIVLILLT TAGTAAATTCTATCCGC FFICFLYPL AGAGAACGCGAAACAA TKVYLVGS AGTTATTGTTCTGATTT YGIFDKFY TACTAACTTTTTTTATT LFCFISTLI TGTTTTTTATATCCATT AIAINVVIL AACAAAAGTGTATCTG TINGAKNE GTGGGAAGTTACGGTA RN TATTTGACAAATTCTAC CTCTTTTGCTTTATTTC TACGTTAATTGCAATAG CAATTAACGTAGTGATA CTTACAATAAATGGAG CTAAGAATGAGAGAAA TTAG

Poison-Antidote Systems

It can be desirable to contain a particular microbial cell within a desired environment, for example by killing or arresting the growth of the microbial cell if it is no longer in the desired environment. Poison-antidote systems, which are distinct from bacteriocins, can be useful for accomplishing such containment, or for other selective growth of microbial cells. Exemplary poison antidote systems are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,910,438, 6,180,407, 7,176,029, and 7,183,097, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, a poison-antidote system comprises a cytotoxic (poison) polypeptide, and a corresponding antitoxin (antidote) polypeptide in a single cell. As used herein, a “poison polynucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide encoding a poison polypeptide, and an “antidote polynucleotide” refers to a polynucleotide encoding an antidote polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the poison polypeptide is expressed constitutively, while the antidote polypeptide is only expressed under desired conditions. In some embodiments, the poison polypeptide is only expressed under undesired conditions, while the antidote polypeptide is only expressed under desired conditions. For example, in some embodiments, a poison/antidote system is configured so that the microbial cell survives under desired environmental conditions, but dies under undesired environmental conditions. For example, in some embodiments, a poison antidote system is configured so that the microbial cell is killed if it escapes from the environment in which it is being used in an industrial process. In other embodiments, a poison antidote system is configured so that the microbial cell survives when a vector (e.g. a plasmid) encoding an antidote polypeptide is present, but dies when the vector is absent. In some embodiments, the poison polypeptide is encoded by a poison polynucleotide in the host genome, while the antidote polypeptide is encoded by an antidote polynucleotide on a vector (such as a plasmid or extrachromosomal array or episome or minichromosome), and as such is only expressed when the vector is present in the host cell. In some embodiments, the poison polypeptide is encoded by a poison polynucleotide on a first vector, while the antidote polypeptide is encoded by an antidote polynucleotide on a second vector, and as such is only expressed when the second vector is present. In some embodiments, the presence of the antidote polynucleotide (and thus the presence of the antidote polypeptide) depends on the presence or absence of a recombination event, for example the integration of a polynucleotide sequence encoding the antidote polynucleotide into the host genome. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments in which expression of the antidote polypeptide depends on the presence or absence of a vector or recombination event, the poison and antidote polypeptide can each be expressed constitutively. Optionally, in some embodiments in which expression of the antidote polypeptide depends on the presence or absence of a vector or a recombination event, expression of the poison polypeptide and/or antidote polypeptide is conditional, for example so that the poison is only expressed in conditions in which the microbial cell is not desired, and/or the antidote polypeptide is only expressed in conditions in which the microbial cell is desired.

Exemplary microbial toxin polypeptide/antitoxin polypeptide pairs (also referred to as “poison/antidote” pairs) that can used in poison antidote systems in conjunction with some embodiments herein include, but are not limited to RelE/RelB, CcdB/CcdA, Kis/Kid, SoK/HoK, PasB (or PasC)/PasA, PemK/PemI, Doc/Phd, MazE/MazF and ParE/ParD. Without being limited by any particular theory, many poison polypeptides, for example RelE, are highly conserved across Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Archae, and as such, can have cytotoxic activity in a broad range of naturally occurring, genetically modified, and fully synthetic microbial cells. Further, without being limited by any particular theory, it is contemplated that an antidote polypeptide can generally inhibit the activity of its poison polypeptide partner in a variety of host environments, and as such, poison/antidote pairs such as those described herein can readily be used in a broad range of naturally occurring, genetically modified, and fully synthetic microbial cells.

It is noted that a poison-antidote system is distinct from a bacteriocin system at least in that a poison-antidote system provides an endogenous system by which a microbial cell can kill or arrest itself, while a bacteriocin system provides an exogenous system by which a microbial cell can kill or arrest other cells. It is further noted, however, that, while a poison-antidote system cannot be used to kill or arrest cells other than the individual cell in which the poison is produced, in some embodiments, a poison-antidote system may be used along with a bacteriocin system as described herein. For example, in some embodiments a bacteriocin system as described herein may be used to kill or arrest the growth of cells other than the bacteriocin producing cell in a culture while the poison-antidote system may be used to kill or arrest the growth of the bacteriocin producing cell should it escape from its desired environment. A poison-antidote system may also be used to select for bacteriocin producing cells which have been genetically engineered to express a molecule useful in an industrial process (an “industrially useful molecule”). For example, in some embodiments, expression of an antidote can be tied to expression of an industrially useful molecule or bacteriocin by placing polynucleotides encoding the bacteriocin and the industrially useful molecule, or polynucleotides encoding the bacteriocin and antidote under the control of a single promoter. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a microbial cell encoding a bacteriocin or bacteriocin immunity modulator further comprises a poison antidote system. In some embodiments, the bacteriocin system is useful for regulating growth of the microbial cell or other microbial cells within a particular environment, while the poison-antidote system is useful for containing the microbial cell within a particular environment.

Promoters

Promoters are well known in the art. A promoter can be used to drive the transcription of one or more genes. In some embodiments, a promoter drives expression of polynucleotide encoding a desired gene product as described herein. In some embodiments, a promoter drives expression of a bacteriocin polynucleotide as described herein. In some embodiments, a promoter drives expression of an immunity modulator polynucleotide as described herein. In some embodiments, a promoter drives expression of a bacteriocin nucleotide and an immunity modulator polynucleotide. In some embodiments, a promoter drives expression of polynucleotide encoding at least one of a bacteriocin, immunity modulator, industrially useful molecule, poison molecule, or antidote molecule. Some promoters can drive transcription at all times (“constitutive promoters”). Some promoters can drive transcription under only select circumstances (“conditional promoters”), for example depending on the presence or absence of an environmental condition, chemical compound, gene product, stage of the cell cycle, or the like.

The skilled artisan will appreciate that depending on the desired expression activity, an appropriate promoter can be selected, and placed in cis with a sequence to be expressed. Exemplary promoters with exemplary activities are provided in Table 3.1-3.11 herein. The skilled artisan will appreciate that some promoters are compatible with particular transcriptional machinery (e.g. RNA polymerases, general transcription factors, and the like). As such, while compatible “species” are identified for some promoters described herein, it is contemplated that according to some embodiments herein, these promoters can readily function in microorganisms other than the identified species, for example in species with compatible endogenous transcriptional machinery, genetically modified species comprising compatible transcriptional machinery, or fully synthetic microbial organisms comprising compatible transcriptional machinery.

The promoters of Tables 3.1-3.11 herein are publicly available from the Biobricks foundation. Per the Biobricks foundation, use of these promoters in accordance with BioBrick™ Public Agreement (BPA) is encouraged.

It should be appreciated that any of the “coding” polynucleotides described herein (for example a bacteriocin polynucleotide, immunity polynucleotide, poison polynucleotide, antidote polynucleotide, or product polynucleotide) is generally amenable to being expressed under the control of a desired promoter. In some embodiments, a single “coding” polynucleotide is under the control of a single promoter. In some embodiments, two or more “coding” polynucleotides are under the control of a single promoter, for example two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten polynucleotides. As such, in some embodiments, a “cocktail” of different bacteriocins can be produced by a single microbial organism. In some embodiments, a bacteriocin polynucleotide is under the control of a promoter. In some embodiments, an immunity modulator is under the control of a promoter. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a desired gene product is under the control of a promoter. In some embodiments, the bacteriocin polynucleotide and the polynucleotide encoding a desired gene product are under the control of the same promoter. In some embodiments, a bacteriocin polynucleotide and the polynucleotide encoding a desired gene product are under the control of different promoters. In some embodiments, the immunity modulator polynucleotide and the polynucleotide encoding a desired gene product are under the control of the same promoter. In some embodiments, the bacteriocin polynucleotide and the immunity modulator polynucleotide are under the control of different promoters.

Generally, translation initiation for a particular transcript is regulated by particular sequences at or 5′ of the 5′ end of the coding sequence of a transcript. For example, a coding sequence can begin with a start codon configured to pair with an initiator tRNA. While naturally-occurring translation systems typically use Met (AUG) as a start codon, it will be readily appreciated that an initiator tRNA can be engineered to bind to any desired triplet or triplets, and accordingly, triplets other than AUG can also function as start codons in certain embodiments. Additionally, sequences near the start codon can facilitate ribosomal assembly, for example a Kozak sequence ((gcc)gccRccAUGG, SEQ ID NO: 542, in which R represents “A” or “G”) or Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) in typical eukaryotic translational systems, or a Shine-Delgarno sequence (GGAGGU, SEQ ID NO: 543) in typical prokaryotic translation systems. As such in some embodiments, a transcript comprising a “coding” polynucleotide sequence, for example a bacteriocin polynucleotide or immunity modulator polynucleotide, or polynucleotide encoding a desired industrial product, comprises an appropriate start codon and translational initiation sequence. In some embodiments, for example if two or more “coding” polynucleotide sequences are positioned in cis on a transcript, each polynucleotide sequence comprises an appropriate start codon and translational initiation sequence(s). In some embodiments, for example if two or more “coding” polynucleotide sequences are positioned in cis on a transcript, the two sequences are under control of a single translation initiation sequence, and either provide a single polypeptide that can function with both encoded polypeptides in cis, or provide a means for separating two polypeptides encoded in cis, for example a 2A sequence or the like. In some embodiments, a translational intiator tRNA is regulatable, so as to regulate initiation of translation of a bacteriocin, immunity modulator, poison molecule, antidote molecule, or industrially useful molecule.

TABLE 3.1 Exemplary Metal-Sensitive Promoters SEQ ID NO: Name Description Sequence 544 BBa_I721001 Lead Promoter gaaaaccttgtcaatgaagagcgatctatg 545 BBa_I731004 FecA promoter ttctcgttcgactcatagctgaacacaaca 546 BBa_I760005 Cu-sensitive promoter atgacaaaattgtcat 547 BBa_I765000 Fe promoter accaatgctgggaacggccagggcacctaa 548 BBa_I765007 Fe and UV promoters ctgaaagcgcataccgctatggagggggtt 549 BBa_J3902 PrFe (PI + PII rus operon) tagatatgcctgaaagcgcataccgctatg

TABLE 3.2 Exemplary Cell Signaling-Responsive Promoters SEQ ID NO: Name Description Sequence 550 BBa_I1051 Lux cassette right promoter tgttatagtcgaatacctctggcggtgata 551 BBa_I14015 P(Las) TetO ttttggtacactccctatcagtgatagaga 552 BBa_I14016 P(Las) CIO ctttttggtacactacctctggcggtgata 553 BBa_I14017 P(Rhl) tacgcaagaaaatggtttgttatagtcgaa 554 BBa_I739105 Double Promoter (LuxR/HSL, cgtgcgtgttgataacaccgtgcgtgttga positive/cI, negative) 555 BBa_I746104 P2 promoter in agr operon agattgtactaaatcgtataatgacagtga from S. aureus 556 BBa_I751501 plux-cI hybrid promoter gtgttgatgcttttatcaccgccagtggta 557 BBa_I751502 plux-lac hybrid promoter agtgtgtggaattgtgagcggataacaatt 558 BBa_I761011 CinR, CinL and glucose acatcttaaaagttttagtatcatattcgt controlled promotor 559 BBa_J06403 RhIR promoter repressible by tacgcaagaaaatggtttgttatagtcgaa CI 560 BBa_J102001 Reverse Lux Promoter tcttgcgtaaacctgtacgatcctacaggt 561 BBa_J64000 rhlI promoter atcctcctttagtcttccccctcatgtgtg 562 BBa_J64010 lasI promoter taaaattatgaaatttgcataaattcttca 563 BBa_J64067 LuxR + 3OC6HSL independent gtgttgactattttacctctggcggtgata R0065 564 BBa_J64712 LasR/LasI Inducible & gaaatctggcagtttttggtacacgaaagc RHLR/RHLI repressible Promoter 565 BBa_K091107 pLux/cI Hybrid Promoter acaccgtgcgtgttgatatagtcgaataaa 566 BBa_K091117 pLas promoter aaaattatgaaatttgtataaattcttcag 567 BBa_K091143 pLas/cI Hybrid Promoter ggttctttttggtacctctggcggtgataa 568 BBa_K091146 pLas/Lux Hybrid Promoter tgtaggatcgtacaggtataaattcttcag 569 BBa_K091156 pLux caagaaaatggtttgttatagtcgaataaa 570 BBa_K091157 pLux/Las Hybrid Promoter ctatctcatttgctagtatagtcgaataaa 571 BBa_K145150 Hybrid promoter: HSL-LuxR tagtttataatttaagtgttctttaatttc activated, P22 C2 repressed 572 BBa_K266000 PAI + LasR -> LuxI (AI) caccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttata 573 BBa_K266005 PAI + LasR -> LasI & aataactctgatagtgctagtgtagatctc AI + LuxR --|LasI 574 BBa_K266006 PAI + LasR -> LasI + GFP & caccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttata AI + LuxR --|LasI + GFP 575 BBa_K266007 Complex QS -> LuxI & LasI caccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttata circuit 576 BBa_K658006 position 3 mutated promoter caagaaaatggtttgttatagtcgaataaa lux pR-3 (luxR & HSL regulated) 577 BBa_K658007 position 5 mutated promoter caagaaaatggtttgttatagtcgaataaa lux pR-5 (luxR & HSL regulated) 578 BBa_K658008 position 3&5 mutated caagaaaatggtttgttatagtcgaataaa promoter lux pR-3/5 (luxR & HSL regulated) 579 BBa_R0061 Promoter (HSL-mediated luxR ttgacacctgtaggatcgtacaggtataat repressor) 580 BBa_R0062 Promoter (luxR & HSL caagaaaatggtttgttatagtcgaataaa regulated -- lux pR) 581 BBa_R0063 Promoter (luxR & HSL cacgcaaaacttgcgacaaacaataggtaa regulated -- lux pL) 582 BBa_R0071 Promoter (Rh1R & C4-HSL gttagctttcgaattggctaaaaagtgttc regulated) 583 BBa_R0078 Promoter (cinR and HSL ccattctgctttccacgaacttgaaaacgc regulated) 584 BBa_R0079 Promoter (LasR & PAI ggccgcgggttctttttggtacacgaaagc regulated) 585 BBa_R1062 Promoter, Standard (luxR and aagaaaatggtttgttgatactcgaataaa HSL regulated -- lux pR)

TABLE 3.3 Exemplary Constitutive E. coli σ⁷⁰ Promoters SEQ ID NO: Name Description Sequence 586 BBa_I14018 P(Bla) gtttatacataggcgagtactctgttatgg 587 BBa_I14033 P(Cat) agaggttccaactttcaccataatgaaaca 588 BBa_I14034 P(Kat) taaacaactaacggacaattctacctaaca 589 BBa_I732021 Template for Building Primer acatcaagccaaattaaacaggattaacac Family Member 590 BBa_I742126 Reverse lambda cI-regulated gaggtaaaatagtcaacacgcacggtgtta promoter 591 BBa_J01006 Key Promoter absorbs 3 caggccggaataactccctataatgcgcca 592 BBa_J23100 constitutive promoter family ggctagctcagtcctaggtacagtgctagc member 593 BBa_J23101 constitutive promoter family agctagctcagtcctaggtattatgctagc member 594 BBa_J23102 constitutive promoter family agctagctcagtcctaggtactgtgctagc member 595 BBa_J23103 constitutive promoter family agctagctcagtcctagggattatgctagc member 596 BBa_J23104 constitutive promoter family agctagctcagtcctaggtattgtgctagc member 597 BBa_J23105 constitutive promoter family ggctagctcagtcctaggtactatgctagc member 598 BBa_J23106 constitutive promoter family ggctagctcagtcctaggtatagtgctagc member 599 BBa_J23107 constitutive promoter family ggctagctcagccctaggtattatgctagc member 600 BBa_J23108 constitutive promoter family agctagctcagtcctaggtataatgctagc member 601 BBa_J23109 constitutive promoter family agctagctcagtcctagggactgtgctagc member 602 BBa_J23110 constitutive promoter family ggctagctcagtcctaggtacaatgctagc member 603 BBa_J23111 constitutive promoter family ggctagctcagtcctaggtatagtgctagc member 604 BBa_J23112 constitutive promoter family agctagctcagtcctagggattatgctagc member 605 BBa_J23113 constitutive promoter family ggctagctcagtcctagggattatgctagc member 606 BBa_J23114 constitutive promoter family ggctagctcagtcctaggtacaatgctagc member 607 BBa_J23115 constitutive promoter family agctagctcagcccttggtacaatgctagc member 608 BBa_J23116 constitutive promoter family agctagctcagtcctagggactatgctagc member 609 BBa_J23117 constitutive promoter family agctagctcagtcctagggattgtgctagc member 610 BBa_J23118 constitutive promoter family ggctagctcagtcctaggtattgtgctagc member 611 BBa_J23119 constitutive promoter family agctagctcagtcctaggtataatgctagc member 612 BBa_J23150 1bp mutant from J23107 ggctagctcagtcctaggtattatgctagc 613 BBa_J23151 1bp mutant from J23114 ggctagctcagtcctaggtacaatgctagc 614 BBa_J44002 pBAD reverse aaagtgtgacgccgtgcaaataatcaatgt 615 BBa_J48104 NikR promoter, a protein of gacgaatacttaaaatcgtcatacttattt the ribbon helix-helix family of trancription factors that repress expre 616 BBa_J54200 lacq_Promoter aaacctttcgcggtatggcatgatagcgcc 617 BBa_J56015 lacIQ - promoter sequence tgatagcgcccggaagagagtcaattcagg 618 BBa_J64951 E. Coli CreABCD phosphate ttatttaccgtgacgaactaattgctcgtg sensing operon promoter 619 BBa_K088007 GlnRS promoter catacgccgttatacgttgtttacgctttg 620 BBa_K119000 Constitutive weak promoter of ttatgcttccggctcgtatgttgtgtggac lacZ 621 BBa_K119001 Mutated LacZ promoter ttatgcttccggctcgtatggtgtgtggac 622 BBa_K137029 constitutive promoter with atatatatatatatataatggaagcgtttt (TA)10 between −10 and −35 elements 623 BBa_K137030 constitutive promoter with atatatatatatatataatggaagcgtttt (TA)9 between −10 and −35 elements 624 BBa_K137031 constitutive promoter with ccccgaaagcttaagaatataattgtaagc (C)10 between −10 and −35 elements 625 BBa_K137032 constitutive promoter with ccccgaaagcttaagaatataattgtaagc (C)12 between −10 and −35 elements 626 BBa_K137085 optimized (TA) repeat tgacaatatatatatatatataatgctagc constitutive promoter with 13 bp between −10 and −35 elements 627 BBa_K137086 optimized (TA) repeat acaatatatatatatatatataatgctagc constitutive promoter with 15 bp between −10 and −35 elements 628 BBa_K137087 optimized (TA) repeat aatatatatatatatatatataatgctagc constitutive promoter with 17 bp between −10 and −35 elements 629 BBa_K137088 optimized (TA) repeat tatatatatatatatatatataatgctagc constitutive promoter with 19 bp between −10 and −35 elements 630 BBa_K137089 optimized (TA) repeat tatatatatatatatatatataatgctagc constitutive promoter with 21 bp between −10 and −35 elements 631 BBa_K137090 optimized (A) repeat aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaatataatgctagc constitutive promoter with 17 bp between −10 and −35 elements 632 BBa_K137091 optimized (A) repeat aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaatataatgctagc constitutive promoter with 18 bp between −10 and −35 elements 633 BBa_K256002 J23101:GFP caccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttata 634 BBa_K256018 J23119:IFP caccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttata 635 BBa_K256020 J23119:HO1 caccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttata 636 BBa_K256033 Infrared signal reporter caccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttata (J23119:IFP:J23119:HO1) 637 BBa_K292000 Double terminator + ggctagctcagtcctaggtacagtgctagc constitutive promoter 638 BBa_K292001 Double terminator + tgctagctactagagattaaagaggagaaa Constitutive promoter + Strong RBS 639 BBa_K418000 IPTG inducible Lac promoter ttgtgagcggataacaagatactgagcaca cassette 640 BBa_K418002 IPTG inducible Lac promoter ttgtgagcggataacaagatactgagcaca cassette 641 BBa_K418003 IPTG inducible Lac promoter ttgtgagcggataacaagatactgagcaca cassette 642 BBa_M13101 M13K07 gene I promoter cctgtttttatgttattctctctgtaaagg 643 BBa_M13102 M13K07 gene II promoter aaatatttgcttatacaatcttcctgtttt 644 BBa_M13103 M13K07 gene III promoter gctgataaaccgatacaattaaaggctcct 645 BBa_M13104 M13K07 gene IV promoter ctcttctcagcgtcttaatctaagctatcg 646 BBa_M13105 M13K07 gene V promoter atgagccagttcttaaaatcgcataaggta 647 BBa_M13106 M13K07 gene VI promoter ctattgattgtgacaaaataaacttattcc 648 BBa_M13108 M13K07 gene VIII promoter gtttcgcgcttggtataatcgctgggggtc 649 BBa_M13110 M13110 ctttgcttctgactataatagtcagggtaa 650 BBa_M31519 Modified promoter sequence of aaaccgatacaattaaaggctcctgctagc g3. 651 BBa_R1074 Constitutive Promoter I caccacactgatagtgctagtgtagatcac 652 BBa_R1075 Constitutive Promoter II gccggaataactccctataatgcgccacca 653 BBa_S03331 --Specify Parts List-- ttgacaagcttttcctcagctccgtaaact

TABLE 3.4 Exemplary Constitutive E. coli σ^(s) Promoters SEQ ID NO: Name Description Sequence 654 BBa_J45992 Full-length ggtttcaaaattgtga stationary phase tctatatttaacaa osmY promoter 655 BBa_J45993 Minimal stationary ggtttcaaaattgtga phase osmY promoter tctatatttaacaa

TABLE 3.5 Exemplary Constitutive E. coli σ³² Promoters SEQ ID NO: Name Description Sequence 656 BBa_J45504 htpG Heat Shock tctattccaataaagaaat Promoter cttcctgcgtg

TABLE 3.6 Exemplary Constitutive B. subtilis σ^(A) Promoters SEQ ID NO: Name Description Sequence 657 BBa_K143012 Promoter veg a constitutive aaaaatgggctcgtgttgtacaataaatgt promoter for B. subtilis 658 BBa_K143013 Promoter 43 a constitutive aaaaaaagcgcgcgattatgtaaaatataa promoter for B. subtilis 659 BBa_K780003 Strong constitutive promoter aattgcagtaggcatgacaaaatggactca for Bacillus subtilis 660 BBa_K823000 PliaG caagcttttcctttataatagaatgaatga 661 BBa_K823002 PlepA tctaagctagtgtattttgcgtttaatagt 662 BBa_K823003 Pveg aatgggctcgtgttgtacaataaatgtagt

TABLE 3.7 Exemplary Constitutive B. subtilis σ^(B) Promoters SEQ ID NO: Name Description Sequence 663 BBa_K143010 Promoter ctc atccttatcgttatgg for B. subtilis gtattgtttgtaat 664 BBa_K143011 Promoter gsiB taaaagaattgtga for B. subtilis gcgggaatacaacaac 665 BBa_K143013 Promoter 43 a aaaaaaagcgcgcg constitutive attatgtaaaatataa promoter for B. subtilis

TABLE 3.8 Exemplary Constitutive Promoters from miscellaneous prokaryotes SEQ ID NO: Name Description Sequence 666 a_K112706 Pspv2 from tacaaaataattccc Salmonella ctgcaaacattatca 667 BBa_K112707 Pspv from tacaaaataattcc Salmonella cctgcaaacattatcg

TABLE 3.9 Exemplary Constitutive Promoters from bacteriophage T7 SEQ ID NO: Name Description Sequence 668 BBa_I712074 T7 promoter (strong agggaatacaagctacttgttctttttgca promoter from T7 bacteriophage) 669 BBa_I719005 T7 Promoter taatacgactcactatagggaga 670 BBa_J34814 T7 Promoter gaatttaatacgactcactatagggaga 671 BBa_J64997 T7 consensus −10 and rest taatacgactcactatagg 672 BBa_K113010 overlapping T7 promoter gagtcgtattaatacgactcactatagggg 673 BBa_K113011 more overlapping T7 agtgagtcgtactacgactcactatagggg promoter 674 BBa_K113012 weaken overlapping T7 gagtcgtattaatacgactctctatagggg promoter 675 BBa_R0085 T7 Consensus Promoter taatacgactcactatagggaga Sequence 676 BBa_R0180 T7 RNAP promoter ttatacgactcactatagggaga 677 BBa_R0181 T7 RNAP promoter gaatacgactcactatagggaga 678 BBa_R0182 T7 RNAP promoter taatacgtctcactatagggaga 679 BBa_R0183 T7 RNAP promoter tcatacgactcactatagggaga 680 BBa_Z0251 T7 strong promoter taatacgactcactatagggagaccacaac 681 BBa_Z0252 T7 weak binding and taattgaactcactaaagggagaccacagc processivity 682 BBa_Z0253 T7 weak binding promoter cgaagtaatacgactcactattagggaaga

TABLE 3.10 Exemplary Constitutive Promoters from yeast SEQ ID NO: Name Description Sequence 683 BBa_I766555 pCyc (Medium) Promoter acaaacacaaatacacacactaaattaata 684 BBa_I766556 pAdh (Strong) Promoter ccaagcatacaatcaactatctcatataca 685 BBa_I766557 pSte5 (Weak) Promoter gatacaggatacagcggaaacaacttttaa 686 BBa_J63005 yeast ADH1 promoter tttcaagctataccaagcatacaatcaact 687 BBa_K105027 cyc100 minimal promoter cctttgcagcataaattactatacttctat 688 BBa_K105028 cyc70 minimal promoter cctttgcagcataaattactatacttctat 689 BBa_K105029 cyc43 minimal promoter cctttgcagcataaattactatacttctat 690 BBa_K105030 cyc28 minimal promoter cctttgcagcataaattactatacttctat 691 BBa_K105031 cyc16 minimal promoter cctttgcagcataaattactatacttctat 692 BBa_K122000 pPGK1 ttatctactttttacaacaaatataaaaca 693 BBa_K124000 pCYC Yeast Promoter acaaacacaaatacacacactaaattaata 694 BBa_K124002 Yeast GPD (TDH3) gtttcgaataaacacacataaacaaacaaa Promoter 695 BBa_K319005 yeast mid-length ADH1 ccaagcatacaatcaactatctcatataca promoter 696 BBa_M31201 Yeast CLB1 promoter accatcaaaggaagctttaatcttctcata region, G2/M cell cycle specific

TABLE 3.11 Exemplary Constitutive Promoters from miscellaneous eukaryotes SEQ ID NO: Name Description Sequence 697 BBa_I712004 CMV promoter agaacccactgcttactggct tatcgaaat 698 BBa_K076017 Ubc Promoter ggccgtttttggcttttttgtt agacgaag

The above-referenced promoters are provided by way of non-limiting example only. The skilled artisan will readily recognize that many variants of the above-referenced promoters, and many other promoters (including promoters isolated from naturally existing organisms, variations thereof, and fully synthetic promoters) can readily be used in accordance with some embodiments herein.

Regulation of Gene Activity

Gene activity can be regulated to either increase or decrease activity of the gene product. In some embodiments, the gene product for which activity is regulated comprises a bacteriocin, immunity modulator, industrially useful molecule, poison molecule, or antidote molecule. In some embodiments, two or more of such gene products are regulated under a single gene regulation system. In some embodiments, gene activity is regulated at the level of gene expression. In some embodiments, gene activity is regulated at the transcriptional level, for example by activating or repressing a promoter. In some embodiments, gene activity is regulated at the post-transcriptional level, for example through regulation of RNA stability. In some embodiments, gene activity is regulated at the translational level, for example through regulation of initiation of translation. In some embodiments, gene activity is regulated at the post-translational level, for example through regulation of polypeptide stability, post-translational modifications to the polypeptide, or binding of an inhibitor to the polypeptide.

In some embodiments, gene activity is increased. In some embodiments, activity of at least one of a bacteriocin, immunity modulator, industrially useful molecule, poison molecule, or antidote molecule is increased. Conceptually, gene activity can be increased by directly activating gene activity, or by decreasing the activity of an inhibitor of gene activity. In some embodiments, gene activity is activated by at least one of: inducing promoter activity, inhibiting a transcriptional repressor, increasing RNA stability, inhibiting a post-transcriptional inhibitor (for example, inhibiting a ribozyme or antisense oligonucleotide), inducing translation (for example, via a regulatable tRNA), making a desired post-translational modification, or inhibiting a post-translational inhibitor (for example a protease directed to a polypeptide encoded by the gene). In some embodiments, a compound present in a desired environment induces a promoter. For example, the presence of iron in culture medium can induce transcription by an iron-sensitive promoter as described herein. In some embodiments, a compound present in a desired culture medium inhibits a transcriptional repressor. For example, the presence of tetracycline in an environment can inhibit the tet repressor, and thus allow activity from the tetO promoter. In some embodiments, a compound found only outside of a desired culture medium induces transcription.

In some embodiments, gene activity is decreased. Conceptually, gene activity can be decreased by directly inhibiting gene activity, or by decreasing the activity of an activator of gene activity. In some embodiments, gene activity is reduced, but some level of activity remains. In some embodiments, gene activity is fully inhibited. In some embodiments, gene activity is decreased by at least one of inhibiting promoter activity, activating a transcriptional repressor, decreasing RNA stability, activating a post-transcriptional inhibitor (for example, expressing a ribozyme or antisense oligonucleotide), inhibiting translation (for example, via a regulatable tRNA), failing to make a required post-translational modification, inactivating a polypeptide (for example by binding an inhibitor or via a polypeptide-specific protease), or failing to properly localize a polypeptide (e.g. failing to secrete a bacteriocin). In some embodiments, gene activity is decreased by removing a gene from a desired location, for example by excising a gene using a FLP-FRT or cre-lox cassette, or through loss or degradation of a plasmid. In some embodiments, a gene product (e.g. a polypeptide) or a product produced by a gene product (e.g. the product of an enzymatic reaction) inhibits further gene activity (e.g. a negative feedback loop).

Genetic Modification of Microbial Organisms

Techniques of genetically modifying microorganisms are well known in the art. In some embodiments, a microorganism is genetically modified to comprise nucleic acid sequence regulating the expression of, and encoding, at least one of bacteriocins, immunity modulators, industrially useful molecules, poison molecules, or antidote molecules. Polynucleotides can be delivered to microorganisms, and can be stably integrated into the chromosomes of these microorganisms, or can exist free of the genome, for example in a plasmid, extrachromosomal array, episome, minichromosome, or the like.

Exemplary vectors for genetic modification of microbial cells include, but are not limited to, plasmids, viruses (including bacteriophage), and transposable elements. Additionally, it will be appreciated that entire microbial genomes comprising desired sequences can be synthesized and assembled in a cell (see, e.g. Gibson et al. (2010), Science 329: 52-56). As such, in some embodiments, a microbial genome (or portion thereof) is synthesized with desired features such as bacteriocin polynucleotide(s), and introduced into a microbial cell.

It can be useful to flexibly genetically modify a microbial cell, for example to engineer or reengineer a microbial cell to have a desired type and/or spectrum of bacteriocin or immunity modulator activity. In some embodiments, a cassette for inserting one or more desired bacteriocin and/or immunity modulator polynucleotides into a polynucleotide sequence is provided. Exemplary cassettes include, but are not limited to, a Cre/lox cassette or FLP/FRT cassette. In some embodiments, the cassette is positioned on a plasmid, so that a plasmid with the desired bacteriocin and/or immunity modulator combination can readily be introduced to the microbial cell. In some embodiments, the cassette is positioned in the genome of the microbial cell, so that a cassette with the desired bacteriocin and/or immunity modulator combination can be introduced to the desired location.

In some embodiments, plasmid conjugation can be used to introduce a desired plasmid from a “donor” microbial cell to a recipient microbial cell. Goñi-Moreno, et al. (2013) Multicellular Computing Using Conjugation for Wiring. PLoS ONE 8(6): e65986, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, plasmid conjugation can genetically modify a recipient microbial cell by introducing a conjugation plasmid from a donor microbial cell to a recipient microbial cell. Without being limited by any particular theory, conjugation plasmids that comprise the same or functionally same set of replication genes typically cannot coexist in the same microbial cell. As such, in some embodiments, plasmid conjugation “reprograms” a recipient microbial cell by introducing a new conjugation plasmid to supplant another conjugation plasmid that was present in the recipient cell. In some embodiments, plasmid conjugation is used to engineer (or reengineer) a microbial cell with a particular combination of one or more bacteriocins and/or immunity modulators. According to some embodiments, a variety of conjugation plasmids comprising different combinations of bacteriocins and/or immunity modulators is provided. The plasmids can comprise additional genetic elements as described herein, for example promoters, translational initiation sites, and the like. In some embodiments the variety of conjugation plasmids is provided in a collection of donor cells, so that a donor cell comprising the desired plasmid can be selected for plasmid conjugation. In some embodiments, a particular combination of bacteriocins and/or immunity modulators is selected, and an appropriate donor cell is conjugated with a microbial cell of interest to introduce a conjugation plasmid comprising that combination into a recipient cell. In some embodiments, the recipient cell is a “newly engineered” cell, for example to be introduced into or for initiating a culture. In some embodiments, the recipient cell is a “reengineered cell,” for example to introduce a new bacteriocin (and optionally immunity modulator) activity to an existing culture that has encountered a new type of invader cell, and/or to remove a bacteriocin activity that is no longer desired in the culture.

Culture Media

Microbial culture environments can comprise a wide variety of culture media, for example feedstocks. The selection of a particular culture medium can depend upon the desired application. Conditions of a culture medium include not only chemical composition, but also temperature, amounts of light, pH, CO₂ levels, and the like.

In some embodiments, a genetically engineered microorganism as described herein is added to a culture medium that comprises other microorganisms and at least one feedstock. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises a compound that induces the activity or expression of a bacteriocin and/or immunity modulator. In some embodiments, the culture medium comprises a compound that represses the activity or expression of a bacteriocin and/or immunity modulator. In some embodiments, a compound that induces the activity of the bacteriocin is present outside of the feedstock, but not in the feedstock. In some embodiments, a compound that represses the activity of the immunity modulator is present outside the feedstock, but not in the feedstock.

The term “feedstock” is used herein in a broad sense to encompass material that can be consumed, fermented, purified, modified, or otherwise processed by microbial organisms, for example in the context of industrial processes. As such, “feedstock” is not limited to food or food products. As used herein a “feedstock” is a category of culture medium. Accordingly, as used herein “culture medium” includes, but it is not limited to feedstock. As such, whenever a “culture medium” is referred to herein, feedstocks are also expressly contemplated.

Genetically Engineered Microbial Cells

In some embodiments, genetically modified microbial cells are provided. Genetically modified microbial cells can be configured for a wide variety of purposes. In some embodiments, microbial cells comprise genetic modifications to regulate the expression of at least one of bacteriocins, immunity modulators, industrially useful molecules, poison molecules, or antidote molecules. In some embodiments, microbial cells comprise genetic modifications to regulate the expression of bacteriocins. In some embodiments, microbial cells comprise genetic modifications to regulate the expression of immunity modulators.

In some embodiments, the genetically modified microbial cells are modified to produce a product. In some embodiments, the product is a gene product, for example a polypeptide or RNA. As such, polynucleotide “coding” sequence as referred to herein can refer to sequence encoding either a polypeptide or an RNA. In some embodiments, microbial cells can be configured to produce one or more gene products that contribute to synthesis of a desired product, for example a carbohydrate, biofuel, lipid, small molecule, or metal. In some embodiments, the product is synthesized via the activity of one or more gene products of the microbial cell. Optionally, synthesis of the product can also involve the activity of one or more gene products of one or more other microbial cells. In some embodiments, microbial cells can be configured to decontaminate or decompose one or more substances in a culture media, for example a feedstock. The decontamination can be mediated wholly, or partially by one or more gene products of the microbial cells. In some embodiments, microbial cells can be configured to scavenge for a material, for example a metal such as iron or a rare earth metal.

Controlling the Growth of Microbial Cells

In some embodiments, genetically modified microbial cells are modified to regulate the growth of other microbial cells. In some embodiments, the microbial cells regulate the growth of other microbial cells of the same species or strain, for example their own clones. In some embodiments, the microbial cells regulated the growth of microbial cells of a different species or strain, for example invaders. In some embodiments, a microbial cell secretes a bacteriocin to regulate other microbial cells. The regulation of each of the other microbial cells can depend on its expression (or lack thereof) of an immunity modulator having protective effects against the particular the secreted bacteriocin.

As used herein “desired cell” and the like refer to a microbial cell with at least one characteristic for which survival, growth, and/or proliferation of the microbial cell is desired, or at least an absence of negative control of the cell's growth is desired. In some embodiments, a desired cell is in an appropriate environment, for example its industrially-applicable feedstock. In some embodiments, a desired cell is a cell that is positively selected for, for example a cell that has undergone a particular recombination even, or is expressing high levels of a useful gene product. In some embodiments, a desired cell is a cell configured to neutralize contaminating cells, for example pathogenic cells. In some embodiments a desired cell is positively selected for by its expression of an immunity modulator corresponding to at least one bacteriocin that can be present in the environment. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is contemplated that a microbial cell capable of neutralizing other microbial cells which lack a similar neutralizing function will have a competitive advantage. As such, in some embodiments, a desired cell is selected for through its ability to neutralize other cells. In some embodiments a desired cell is positively selected for by expressing both a bacteriocin and a corresponding immunity modulator.

As used herein “undesired cell” and the like refer to a microbial cell with at least one characteristic making survival, growth, or proliferation undesirable. In some embodiments, the undesired cell is an invading microbial cell, for example a contaminating cell that has entered a culture environment. In some embodiments, an undesired cell has escaped from an appropriate culture medium, for example its industrially-applicable feedstock. In some embodiments, an undesired cell has lost a particular plasmid, or has failed to undergo a particular recombination event. In some embodiments, an undesired cell has failed to produce, or produces low levels of desired gene product. In some embodiments, an undesired cell is selected against. In some embodiments, an undesired cell is selected against through by reducing the cell's expression or activity of an immunity modulator that protects against a bacteriocin in the environment. In some embodiments, an undesired cell is selected against through by reducing the cell's expression or activity of an immunity modulator that protects against a bacteriocin secreted by the cell and clones thereof. In some embodiments, an undesired cell is selected against by reducing the cell's expression of a bacteriocin, thereby putting the cell at a competitive disadvantage against other microbial cells.

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram depicting options for configuring a microbial cell to control the growth of a second microbial cell according to some embodiments herein. In some embodiments, a first microbial cell is provided. In some embodiments, the first microbial cell secretes an active bacteriocin 100. In some embodiments, the first microbial cell is not desired 102. For example, in some embodiments, one or more of the first microbial cell being outside its industrial environment, a desired environmental conditional for the first microbial cell being absent, the first microbial cell having made sufficient product, or the first microbial cell lacking a recombination event or vector can make the first microbial cell undesirable in a particular environment at a particular time 112. As such, when the first microbial cell is not desired, its immunity modulator (corresponding to the bacteriocin) can be inactive 122. For example, one or more of an immunity modulator promoter can be inactive, an immunity modulator transcriptional repressor can be active, post-transcriptional silencing (e.g. by a ribozyme or antisense) can occur, a regulatable tRNA can not be induced, post-transcriptional silencing can occur (e.g. by a site-specific protease, or a silencing post-translational modification), or a vector encoding an immunity modulator can be absent 132. In some embodiments, when the first cell does not have an active immunity modulator, the first cell is neutralized by the bacteriocin 142 produced by other cells in the culture. In some embodiments, a second microbial cell proceeds with growth 192 as a result of the first cell being neutralized.

In some embodiments, the first microbial cell is desired 106. For example, one or more of the first microbial cell being inside of its industrial environment, a desired environmental condition for the first microbial cell being present, the first microbial cell having not yet made sufficient product yet, or the first microbial cell having undergone a recombination event or comprising a particular vector can make the microbial cell desirable in a particular environment at a particular time 116. As such, when the first microbial cell is desired, it can produce an active immunity modulator 126. For example, in some embodiments, the first microbial cell can be configured to have one or more of a constitutive promoter for the immunity modulator polynucleotide, an activated (but not necessarily constitutive) promoter for the immunity modulator polynucleotide, an inactive repressor of immunity modulator transcription, a regulatable tRNA that is induced to facilitate production of the immunity modulator, an absence of post-translational and post-transcriptional silencing of the immunity modulator, or a vector encoding the immunity modulator can be present 136. As such, the first microbial cell can survive 146 in the presence of bacteriocin secreted by the first microbial cell. As a result of the bacteriocin secreted by the first microbial cell, a second microbial cell can grow 192 or be neutralized 196, depending on whether the second microbial cell has 172 or does not have 176 immunity modulator activity.

In some embodiments, the second microbial cell is desired 152. For example, one or more of a desired recombination event having occurred in the second microbial cell, a desired vector present in the second microbial cell, the second microbial cell producing a product of which more is desired (e.g. a positive feedback loop), or the immunity locus and the desired product being under the same transcriptional control when appropriate levels of desired product are being transcribed can a make the second microbial cell desirable 162. When the second microbial cell is desired, it can provide immunity modulator activity to protect against the particular bacteriocin (or bacterocins) produced by the first microbial cell 172. For example, in some embodiments, the second microbial cell can be configured such that an immunity modulator promoter is active (for example, a constitutive promoter), an immunity modulator transcriptional repressor is inactive, there is a lack of post-transcriptional silencing, a regulatable tRNA being induced to facilitate the expression of the immunity modulator, a lack of post-translational silencing (e.g. by a site-specific protease) of the immunity modulator, or a vector encoding an immunity modulator can be present 182. As such, in some embodiments, when immunity modulator activity is provided, the second microbial cell can survive 192.

In some embodiments, a second microbial cell is not desired 156. For example, one or more of the second microbial cell being an invader (e.g. a contaminating cell), an undesired environmental condition for the second microbial cell (e.g. the presence of an undesired compound or condition, or the absence of a desired compound or condition), the second microbial cell having produced product, but no more product being desired (e.g. a negative feedback loop), or an immunity modulator locus and desired product locus being under the same transcriptional control and transcript levels being undesirably low (e.g. indicating an inability to produce a desired product) can make the second microbial cell undesirable 166. As such, in some embodiments, there can be no immunity modulator activity or an insufficient amount of an immunity modulator to protect against the action of the bacteriocin in the second microbial cell 176. For example, one or more of an immunity modulator promoter can be inactive, an immunity modulator transcriptional repressor can be active, post-transcriptional silencing of the immunity modulator (e.g. by a ribozyme or antisense oligonucleotide) can occur, a regulatable tRNA can not be induced (so that expression of the immunity modulator is not facilitated), post-transcriptional silencing of the immunity modulator can occur (e.g. by a site-specific protease, or a silencing post-translational modification), or a vector encoding an immunity modulator can be absent 186. In some embodiments, the first microbial cell provides secreted bacteriocin activity 100. As such, in some embodiments, the second microbial cell can be killed by the bacteriocin 196.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other functions, structures, and processes, disclosed herein, the functions, structures and steps may be implemented or performed in differing order or sequence. Furthermore, the outlined functions and structures are only provided as examples, and some of these functions and structures may be optional, combined into fewer functions and structures, or expanded into additional functions and structures without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments.

For a large variety of genetically modified microbial cells, it can be useful to control the growth of other microbial cells in the culture. In some embodiments, a microbial cell controls the growth of other microbial cells in the culture. Exemplary functions and configurations by which a first microbial cell can control the growth of one or more other microbial cells according to some embodiments herein are described in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Exemplary uses of bacteriocin systems in genetically modified microbial cells according to some embodiments herein Exemplary configurations (according to some Exemplary Function embodiments) Biological containment: Immunity modulator activity only in the desired culture medium, but not outside and bacteriocin activity at least outside of the desired culture medium; escape of the bacteriocin producing cell outside the desired culture environment results in cytotoxicity or growth inhibition of the bacteriocin producing cell Genetic guard Bacteriocin constitutively produced; genetic guard microbial organism does not produce gene products for modulating industrial process of interest; immunity modulator constitutively produced (e.g under control of constitutive promoter) and/or genetic guard microbial organism is insensitive to the bacteriocin (e.g. a S. cerevisiae genetic guard producing bacteriocins that target E. coli) Selection of recombinants: Desired recombination event causes an immunity modulator to be restored in a bacteriocin-expressing host. Alternatively the immunity modulator can be restored only after the desired recombination event. Vector stability: Immunity modulator (or at least one gene essential for immunity is encoded on a plasmid, and a corresponding bacteriocin locus is encoded on chromosome); clones that lose the desired plasmid lack immunity and are neutralized by the bacteriocin Minimization of genetic drift Immunity modulator activity dependent on production of industrial product (e.g. immunity modulator expression controlled by an operon, in which a repressor is active in the absence of industrial product, and inactive in the presence of industrial product); if a mutation causes the microbial organism's production of industrial product to fall below a desired level or cease, the microbial organism ceases to produce immunity modulator, and is neutralized by the bacteriocin. Selection for microbes presenting Immunity modulator is co-expressed with the gene of a high yield of expression interest; microbial organisms producing high levels of expression (and/or expressing gene product of interest can be selected by increasing clones) bacteriocin concentration; microbial organisms producing low levels of gene product of interest (e.g. having a low “industrial fitness”) are neutralized Destruction during fermentation Desired microbial cells constitutively express at least one of contaminating microbes. type of bacteriocin; secreted bacteriocins neutralize invading microbial cells Desired microbial cells express at least one type of bacteriocin when in the desired environment (e.g. bacteriocin is under the control of an inducible promoter that is activated by an intermediate of the fermentation process); secreted bacteriocins neutralize contaminating cells Control of the ratio of a Immunity modulator activity is repressed by accumulated microbial flora. product made by a microbial cell; bacteriocins secreted by the microbial cell (or other cells) neutralize the microbial cell

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram depicting a genetically engineered microbial cell controlling the growth of at least one other microbial cell according to some embodiments herein. A first microbial cell 200 can comprise a bacteriocin polynucleotide and a corresponding immunity modulator polynucleotide. The bacteriocin polynucleotide can optionally be integrated into the cell's genome, while the immunity modulator polynucleotide can optionally be integrated into a plasmid present in the cell. In some embodiments an undesired clone of the cell 210 (a “non-expressing clone”) can lack immunity modulator activity, and optionally can lack bacteriocin activity. The bacteriocin activity of the first microbial cell 200 can neutralize the non-expressing clone 210. In some embodiments, an undesired clone of the cell 220 can lose a plasmid comprising the immunity modulator polynucleotide. The bacteriocin activity of the first microbial cell 200 can neutralize the undesired clone 220. In some embodiments, the microbial cell 230 can escape from the desired environment, causing the clone to lack immunity modulator activity. Bacteriocin activity from the escaped cell 230 and/or clones of the escaped cell can neutralize the escaped cell 230. In some embodiments, the escaped cell 230 further comprises a poison-antidote system to facilitate killing of the escaped cell upon its escape.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a first genetically engineered microbial cell 300 controlling the growth of a second genetically engineered microbial cell 310 and an invader cell 320 in a desired environment according to some embodiments herein. The first genetically engineered microbial cell 300 can comprise a first bacteriocin polynucleotide. The second genetically engineered microbial cell 310 can comprise a second bacteriocin polynucleotide. Each of the first and second genetically engineered microbial cells (300 and 310) can comprise a first immunity modulator polynucleotide encoding resistance to the first bacteriocin, and a second immunity modulator polynucleotide encoding resistance to the second bacteriocin. If the second genetically engineered microbial cell 310 becomes undesired, it can lose first immunity modulator activity via any of the mechanisms discussed herein, and thus be controlled by the first bacteriocin activity from the first genetically engineered microbial cell 300. If an invader cell 320 enters the desired environment, the first bacteriocin from the first genetically engineered microbial cell 300 and the second bacteriocin from the second genetically engineered microbial cell 310 can neutralize the invader cell.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a first genetically engineered microbial cell 400 controlling the growth of a first invader cell 410 and a second invader cell 420 in a desired environment according to some embodiments herein. The first genetically engineered cell 400 can comprise at least a first bacteriocin polynucleotide encoding a first bacteriocin, and at least a second bacteriocin polynucleotide encoding a second bacteriocin. The first genetically engineered cell 400 can produce the first bacteriocin to neutralize a first invader cell 410. The first genetically engineered cell 410 can produce the second bacteriocin to neutralize a second invader cell 420. In some embodiments, the first invader cell is of a different strain or species from the second invader cell. In some embodiments, the first invader cell responds to a different spectrum of bacteriocin activity than the second invader cell. In some embodiments, the first invader cell typically occupies a different ecological niche than the second invader cell.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating methods of controlling the growth of at least a second microbial cell in culture according to some embodiments herein. The method can comprise culturing a first microbial cell in a culture medium comprising a second microbial cell under conditions in which the first microbial cell produces a bacteriocin at a level sufficient to control the growth of the second microbial cell 510. The culturing of the first microbial cell can optionally be continually maintained for a period of time 520. In some embodiments, the culturing of the first microbial cell is maintained continually for at least 3 days, for example at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 days, including ranges between any two of the listed values. A change in the culture medium comprising a presence or increase in the levels or activity of a third microbial cell can be detected 530. The first microbial cell can be re-engineered in response to the change to produce a second bacteriocin at a level sufficient to control the growth of the third microbial cell 540. The re-engineered first microbial cell can be cultured in the culture under conditions in which the first microbial cell produces a bacteriocin at a level sufficient to control the growth of the third microbial cell 550. The culture of the re-engineered microbial cell can be repeated continually for a period of time 560. In some embodiments, the culturing of the re-engineered microbial cell is maintained continually for at least 3 days, for example at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 days, including ranges between any two of the listed values.

In some embodiments, a first microbial cell can control the growth of a second microbial cell. In some embodiments, a first microbial cell can control the growth of a second microbial cell of the same strain as the first microbial cell. Each cell of the strain can comprise a bacteriocin polynucleotide and an immunity modulator polynucleotide, such that the immunity modulator, if expressed, protects against the bacteriocin. As such, if a clone of the strain loses expression of the immunity modulator, it will be neutralized by bacteriocin activity from the same strain. In some embodiments, the immunity modulator polynucleotide is in cis to the bacteriocin polynucleotide. As such, even if the bacteriocin polynucleotide and immunity modulator polynucleotide are both eliminated (e.g. if a plasmid is lost or a FLP-FRT cassette is excised), bacteriocin activity from other cells can still neutralize the cell. In some embodiments, the immunity modulator polynucleotide is in trans to the bacteriocin polynucleotide. The immunity modulator activity can be lost when the microbial cell is undesired (for example, if a plasmid is lost, or if a particular environmental condition induces a loss of immunity modulator activity). Accordingly, bacteriocin activity from both the microbial cell and also other cells of the strain can induce the neutralizing of the microbial cell.

In some embodiments, a ratio of two or more microbial species or strains is controlled. An exemplary control of ratios is illustrated in FIG. 3 (see cells 300 and 310). In some embodiments, a first microbial strain or species loses an immunity modulator activity via any of the mechanisms discussed herein when it is less desired than a bacteriocin-producing second strain or species, increasing the ratio of second strain or species to the first strain or species. In some embodiments in which the ratio of a first and second strain or species is controlled, a bacteriostatic bacteriocin or bacteriocins are selected (as opposed to bacteriocitic bacteriocins) so that the control of growth can be readily reversible, and/or to minimize the risk of eliminating either of the strains or species. In some embodiments, a first microbial strain or species produces a first bacteriocin under the control of a promoter that is activated in the presence of a compound or substance of interest, for example an intermediate or a product such as an industrially useful molecule. As such, levels of the bacteriocin increase as the levels of the compound of interest increase. In some embodiments, a second microbial strain or species produces (or catalyzes the production of) the compound or substance of interest, but does not have immunity modulator activity for the bacteriocin. As levels of the compound or substance of interest increase, levels of the bacteriocin increase, thus neutralizing the second strain (which lacks an appropriate immunity modulator or which has an insufficient amount of an appropriate immunity modulator to protect against the action of the bacteriocin). As such, relative levels of the first strain compared to the second strain increase. In some embodiments, a first microbial strain produces a first product and first bacteriocin activity, and a second microbial strain produces a second product and second bacteriocin activity. In some embodiments, the first product and the second product are intermediates in the same biosynthetic pathway. The first microbial strain can provide a first and second immunity modulator activity, in which the second immunity modulator activity can protect against the second bacteriocin and is negatively regulated by accumulation of the first product (e.g. expression of the second immunity modulator is repressed by the presence of the first product), and the first immunity modulator activity can protect against the first bacteriocin. The second microbial strain can also provide a first and second immunity modulator activity, except that the first immunity modulator activity is negatively regulated by accumulation of the second product (e.g. expression of the first immunity modulator is repressed by the presence of the second product). As such, when a relatively high amount of the first product has accumulated, the second immunity modulator in the first microbial strain is inactivated, and the microbial cells of the first strain are neutralized by the second bacteriocin, thus increasing the ratio of the second strain to the first strain, and increasing the relative amount of second product to first product. When a relatively high amount of the second product has accumulated, the first immunity modulator in the second microbial strain is inactivated, and the microbial cells of the second strain are neutralized by the first bacteriocin, the increasing the ratio of the first strain to the second strain and increasing the relative amount of first product to second product. As such, the ratio of the first stain to the second strain can be adjusted, depending on relative levels of product. In some embodiments, an equilibrium of ratios of the first strain to the second strain is maintained. In some embodiments, an equilibrium of ratios of the first product to the second product is maintained. In some embodiments, the first microbial strain's second immunity modulator responds to a first environmental condition or compound, and the ratio between the first and second microbial strain is otherwise controlled as above. In some embodiments, the second microbial strain's first immunity modulator responds to a second environmental condition or compound, and the ratio between the first and second microbial strain is otherwise controlled as above.

In some embodiments, it is desired that a microbial cell be contained within a particular environment, for example so that the first microbial cell can only survive in a particular culture medium such as industrial feedstock. In some embodiments, a microbial cell comprises a bacteriocin polynucleotide and an immunity modulator polynucleotide, such that the immunity modulator corresponds to the bacteriocin. In some embodiments, when the microbial cell is in a desired environment, the microbial cell produces an active bacteriocin and corresponding immunity modulator, but when the microbial cell escapes the desired environment, the microbial cell produces the active bacteriocin but no active immunity modulator. As a result, the microbial cell can grow in the desired environment, but is neutralized by its own bacteriocin when it escapes. For example, in some embodiments, the bacteriocin encoded by the bacteriocin polynucleotide is constitutively expressed, while the immunity modulator is expressed only when the microbial cell is in a desired environment. For example, in some embodiments, the bacteriocin encoded by the bacteriocin polynucleotide is constitutively expressed, while the immunity modulator is expressed only when the microbial cell is in an environment. For example, in some embodiments, a transcriptional activator of the immunity modulator is only present in the desired environment. For example, in some embodiments, the bacteriocin encoded by the bacteriocin polynucleotide and the immunity modulator is constitutively expressed, but if the microbial cell escapes, the immunity modulator is deleted (for example via the FLP-FRT system). Without being limited to any particular theory, if a genetic system for neutralizing an escaped microbial cell is not used within the culture itself, there may be little or no selective pressure to maintain the system within the culture, so that mutations can accumulate which reduce or eliminate the functioning of that genetic system. As such, if the microbial cell escapes from the culture, there is a possibility that the genetic system will no longer function. In contrast, it is appreciated herein that if a bacteriocin/immunity modulator system is useful both within a culture (for example, to control the growth of other genetically engineered cells in the culture, and/or to neutralize invading microbial cells), and also outside of a culture (for example, to neutralize a microbial cell that has escaped from culture), the use within the culture can provide selective pressure for the bacteriocin system to continue to function. Such selective pressure in accordance with some embodiments herein can minimize genetic drift. Such selective pressure in accordance with some embodiments herein can help to ensure that if the microbial cell escapes from the desired culture environment, the bacteriocin/immunity modulator system will be functioning to appropriately neutralize the escaped cell. As such, in some embodiments a single genetically engineered circuit, for example a bacteriocin/immunity modulator system is useful both to neutralize other microbial cells within a desired culture environment, and further to neutralize a microbial cell and/or its clones upon escape from a desired culture environment. It is contemplated in accordance with some embodiments herein, any or all of the configuration of bacteriocins disclosed herein can be tuned so that upon escape from the desired culture environment, the escaping microbial organism will be neutralized by its own bacteriocins (and/or bacteriocins of its direct or indirect progeny, and/or bacteriocins of another escaped cell and/or its direct or indirect progeny).

In some embodiments, a microbial cell can control growth in two or more ways. In some embodiments, a microbial cell can perform two or more of the functions described in Table 4. In some embodiments, the microbial cell uses the same bacteriocin/immunity modulator pair for two or more different functions. In some embodiments, the microbial cell uses a first bacteriocin/immunity modulator pair for a first function, and a second bacteriocin/immunity modulator pair for a second function. For example, in some embodiments, a microbial cell can express a bacteriocin which limits the growth of “non-expressing” clones that have lost immunity modulator activity in a desired environment, and can also provide containment within the desired environment by failing to express its own immunity modulator (while still expressing bacteriocin) if the microbial cell is outside of a desired environment. A schematic illustration of such two forms of growth regulation is illustrated in FIG. 2. For example, in some embodiments, a first microbial cell can express a bacteriocin which limits the growth of a second microbial cell, and can also neutralize the invading cell. A schematic illustration of such two forms of growth regulation is illustrated in FIG. 3. In some embodiments, two or more forms of growth control are provided using the same bacteriocin-immunity modulator pair. In some embodiments, each form of growth control is provided using a different bacteriocin immunity modulator pair. For example, a first immunity locus can be present on a plasmid that also includes a polynucleotide encoding a desired product. A clone that loses the plasmid will be neutralized by a corresponding first bacteriocin. A second immunity modulator polynucleotide (corresponding to a second immunity modulator) can be integrated into the genome of the microbial cell and can be silenced when the microbial cell escapes from its desired environment (for example, the second immunity modulator polypeptide can be in a FLP-FRT cassette that is excised upon escape). As such, upon escape, the microbial cell can be neutralized by the second bacteriocin.

It is noted that some embodiments described herein are compatible with poison-antidote systems. As such, in some embodiments a microbial cell, in addition to a bacteriocin and immunity modulator further comprises a poison-antidote system configured to kill or arrest the cell when it is not in a desired environment.

It can be useful to control the growth of two or more different types of microbial cells. For example, an environment can comprise, or can potentially comprise, two or more different types of undesired microbial organisms. As different microbial organisms can have different susceptibility to bacteriocins (for example, by possessing different profiles of immunity modulators), a combination of two or more bacteriocins (e.g. a “cocktail” of bacteriocins) can be useful for controlling the growth of two or more microbial organisms. In some embodiments, a single microbial cell produces two or more different bacteriocins for example, at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 different bacteriocins, including ranges between any two of the listed values. In some embodiments, a mixture of two or more different bacteriocin-producing microbial cells are provided, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 different bacteriocin-producing microbial cells, including ranges between any two of the listed values. Optionally, one or more of the bacteriocin-producing microbial cells can produce two or more different bacteriocins.

It can be useful for a single microbial cell to regulate the growth of two or more different types of microbial cells. For example, it can be possible for a first type of invading cell to possess immunity to a first type of bacteriocin but not a second type of bacteriocin. As such, in some embodiments, a microbial cell comprises two or more bacteriocin polynucleotides, each of which encodes a different bacteriocin (see, e.g. FIG. 4). In some embodiments, the microbial cell comprises polynucleotides encoding at least three different bacteriocins, for example at least three, four five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, or more different bacteriocins, including ranges between any two of the listed values. In some embodiments, two or more bacteriocin polynucleotides are under control of a single promoter. In some embodiments, each bacteriocin polynucleotide under the control of a single promoter comprises its own translational initiation site. In some embodiments, each bacteriocin polynucleotide is under the control of a different promoter. In some embodiments, two different bacteriocins are under the control of two different but structurally or functionally identical promoters.

It can be useful for a microbial cell to control the growth of other microbial cells in its industrial environment, so as to help ensure the consistent production of an industrial product, regardless of the geographical location of the culture environment. Without being limited by any particular theory, certain industrial products manufactured via microbial culture may have certain characteristics that result from local microbial flora associated with a certain region (for example, Camembert cheese can have particular characteristics that result from local microbial flora in Camembert, France, or sourdough bread can have particular characteristics that result from local microbial flora in San Francisco, Calif.). As such, it can be desirable to control the microbial flora in a particular feedstock, so that a consistent industrial product can be produced in a variety of geographical locations. In some embodiments, a microbial cell is engineered to produce bacteriocins to neutralize invading microbial cells found in a variety of geographical locations, which can ensure more consistent industrial product characteristics for product produced in a variety of locations. For example, a microbial cell designed to be used in a particular industrial process and to be grown in a first geographic location may be engineered to express one or more bacteriocins effective against one or more invading organisms commonly encountered in the first geographic location. A microbial cell designed to be used in the same industrial process and to be grown in a second geographic location may be engineered to express one or more bacteriocins effective against one or more invading organisms commonly encountered in the second geographic location. Alternatively, a microbial cell designed to be used in a particular industrial process and to be grown in two different geographical locations may be engineered to express on or more bacteriocins effective against one or more invading organisms commonly encountered in each of the two geographical locations.

Frequently in industrial biotechnology, the goal is to work in continuous process, and it is contemplated that the longer the process continues, the higher the probability of contamination. Accordingly, the capacity to fight against contaminants can be useful for a continuous industrial process. Synthetic microorganisms designed in laboratories are frequently used in industrial processes. As such, it can be useful for these lab-engineered “champions” to fight against undesired invading microbial strains (for example wild-type strains from the environment and/or cross-contaminants from another industrial process) and also control their potential genetic drift and escape in the environment. In accordance with some embodiments herein, invading microbial strains can be fought, genetic drift can be minimized, and escape can be minimized by inducing suicidal bacteriocins based genetic circuits.

It can be useful for a microbial culture to remain stable for a continuous period of time, for example to ensure consistent industrial product characteristics over a continuous period of time. In some embodiments, a culture is stably maintained, at least in part, by bacteriocin-mediated neutralization of invading microbial cells. In some embodiments, a culture is stably maintained, at least in part, by bacteriocin-mediated control of ratios of two or more types of genetically engineered microbial cell in the culture. In some embodiments, a culture is stably maintained, at least in part, by reengineering a microbial cell already present in the culture. In some embodiments, the microbial cell is reengineered to add at least one additional bacteriocin activity (for example by adding a new bacteriocin, or expanding the expression of a bacteriocin already present) to neutralize a new type of invading microbial organism. In some embodiments, the microbial cell is reengineered to remove at least one bacteriocin activity that is no longer needed. Exemplary methods of maintaining a stable culture according to some embodiments herein are illustrated in FIG. 5. In some embodiments, a stable culture is maintained for at least about 3 days, for example about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 days, including ranges between any two of the listed values.

Method for Detection of Ratios of Microbial Organisms

According to some embodiments herein, the ratios of two or more microbial strains or species can be controlled, depending on relative quantities of product, and/or compounds in the environment. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the ratios of the two or more microbial strains or species can be indicative of relative quantities of the product and/or compounds in the environment. In some embodiments, relative quantities of microbes of a first strain or species and second strain or species as described herein are detected, thereby indicating relative ratios or quantities of a first product or compound to a second product or compound. Relative quantities of each microbial strain or species can be detected in a variety of ways. In some embodiments, each strain or species comprises a unique oligonucleotide or polypeptide “bar code” sequence to facilitate specific detection. In some embodiments, each strain or species comprises a different bacteriocin (and thus a different bacteriocin polynucleotide), which can serve as a bar code. In some embodiments, at least one of quantitative PCR, oligonucleotide array analysis, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, ELISA, immunoblotting, oligonucleotide spot blotting, or the like is performed to determine relative quantities of the two different microbial strains or species.

Method for Determining Modulation of Growth of Microbial Organisms in Industrial Medium

In some embodiments, growth of microbial organisms in industrial medium is modulated. Before adding a particular genetically engineered microbial cell or combination of genetically engineered cells to an existing industrial culture of microbial cells, it can be useful to determine the effects, if any, of the bacteriocins on the growth of the microbial cells in the existing industrial culture. In some embodiments, the effect of a particular bacteriocin or combination of bacteriocins produced by genetically engineered cells on microbial organisms is assessed. A medium or other composition comprising one or more bacteriocins produced by genetically engineered microbial cells as described herein can be provided. In some embodiments, the medium comprises a supernatant comprising one or more bacteriocins. In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more enriched or purified bacteriocins. In some embodiments, the supernatant or composition is thermally stable, for example to facilitate elimination of any microbes therein through high-temperature incubation, while retaining the function of any bacteriocins therein. In some embodiments, the medium or composition comprises a lyophilized material comprising bacteriocins. In some embodiments, the medium or composition comprises a substrate bound to bacteriocins, for example a gel, a matrix, or beads. The medium or compositions comprising bacteriocins can be added to the existing culture. In some embodiments, the medium or composition is added to a culture in an industrial culture environment. In some embodiments, the medium or composition is contacted with a sample of a culture from an industrial culture environment. The growth or absence of growth of microbial organisms in the industrial culture can be assessed for example to determine whether the one or more bacteriocins are effective against a new invading organism which has appeared in the culture or to determine the effects of the one or more bacteriocins on the existing organisms in the culture.

Before a genetically engineered microbial cell is produced, it can be useful to simulate the effects of one or more bacteriocins on a particular culture environment. In some embodiments, a particular bacteriocin or combination of bacteriocins with desired activity in a known culture environment is identified, and a microbial cell is constructed to produce the desired bacteriocin combination of bacteriocins. In some embodiments, a candidate bacteriocin or combination of bacteriocins is contacted with a portion of an industrial culture of interest, and effects of the bacteriocin or bacteriocins on microbial organisms in the culture are identified. In some embodiments, a variety of bacteriocins is provided. In some embodiments, the variety of bacteriocins is provided in a kit. In some embodiments, the bacteriocins were produced by microbial cells. In some embodiments, the bacteriocins are in supernatant from one or more microbial cells as described herein. In some embodiments, the bacteriocins were chemically synthesized. One or more candidate bacteriocins or mixtures of bacteriocins can be prepared, and can be contacted with a portion of the industrial culture environment. In some embodiments, one or more bacteriocins are added to the supernatant of a bacteriocin-producing genetically engineered cell that is already present in culture, for example to ascertain the effects of engineering the cell to produce at least one additional bacteriocin. In some embodiments, a sample from the industrial culture environment is contacted with each candidate bacteriocin or mixture of bacteriocins. In some embodiments, each candidate bacteriocin or mixture of bacteriocins is added to the culture environment. In some embodiments, effects of each candidate bacteriocin or mixture of bacteriocins are observed, for example as effects on the growth of at least one desired microbial cell in the culture, and/or the growth of at least one undesired microbial cell in the culture.

Upon identification of a desired combination of bacteriocins, a microbial cell can be constructed to produce the desired combination of bacteriocins. In some embodiments, an existing microbial cell, for example a microbial cell that is producing a desired product or intermediate in industrial culture is reengineered to produce the desired combination of bacteriocins. In some embodiments, the microbial cell is reengineered via plasmid conjugation. In some embodiments, a new cell is engineered to produce the desired combination of bacteriocins and added to the industrial culture.

Genetic Guard Microbial Organisms and Systems

It can be useful for a bacteriocin-producing microbial organism to protect other microbial organisms from undesired microbial organisms. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a “genetic guard microbial organism” is provided (which, as a shorthand, may also be referred to herein as a “genetic guard”). As used herein, a “genetic guard” refers to a microbial organism or collection of microbial organisms that produces one or more bacteriocins so as to protect a “protected” microbial organism that is immune to neutralizing effects of the bacteriocins, but does not itself produce the bacteriocins. The “protected” microbial organism can perform a desired industrial process (for example, fermentation), while, as used herein, the “genetic guard” itself does not perform the desired industrial process. The genetic guard microbial organism can express and secrete one or more bacteriocins. Optionally, the genetic guard microbial organism can constititvely express and secrete one or more of the bacteriocins. The genetic guard microbial organism can be non-susceptible to the bacteriocins produced by the genetic guard, for example by producing immunity modulator(s) to the bacteriocin(s) secreted by the genetic guard, and/or by being a type of microbial organism that is not susceptible to the to the bacteriocin(s) produced by the genetic guard (e.g. if the genetic guard comprises a yeast and secretes bacteriocins that specifically neutralize particular bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria). In some embodiments, the protected microbial organism produces immunity modulator(s) to the bacteriocin(s) produced by the genetic guard. In some embodiments, the protected microbial organism is not susceptible to the bacteriocins produced by the genetic guard (e.g. if the protected microbial organism comprises a yeast, and the genetic guard microbial organism produces bacteriocins that specifically neutralize particular bacteria). In some embodiments, the protected microbial organism is not genetically modified (“non-GMO”). In some embodiments, the protected microbial organism is non-GMO, but is from a strain selected to have desired properties, for example via selective pressure, and/or classical mutagenesis. It is contemplated that even if the protected microbial organism has desirable industrial properties, the protected microbial organism may be insufficient at fighting-off one or more undesired microbial organisms, for example invading local flora. Accordingly, in some embodiments herein, a genetic guard protects a protected microbial organism from undesired microbial organisms. By way of example, non-GMO microbial organisms can be useful in a number of processes, for example food production, or purification such as water purification. In some embodiments, non-GMO “protected” microbial organisms are selected based on their ability to destroy one or more contaminants (for example, known water contaminants), and a genetic guard is provided to protect the protected microbial organisms from known or potential invading undesired microbial organisms. In some embodiments, systems comprising a genetic guard as described herein are provided.

It can be useful to maintain a culture medium that does not contain genetically modified organisms, for example to perform particular industrial processes, and/or to comply with certain production standards or specifications. It is contemplated that in accordance with some embodiments herein, genetic guards can be separated from the “protected” microbial organism by a membrane that is permeable to bacteriocins, but not to the genetic guard microbial organisms. As such, bacteriocins produced by the genetic guard can enter a culture medium occupied by the protected microbial organisms, thus protecting the protected organisms from one or more undesired microbial organisms while the genetic guard remains separated from the microbial organism.

It is contemplated herein that a particular culture medium can be invaded by and/or subject to a variety of undesired microbial organisms, which may susceptible to different bacteriocins or combinations of bacteriocins. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the genetic guard microbial organism produces two or more different bacteriocins, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 2, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or 100 different bacteriocins, including ranges between any two of the listed values, for example 2 to 100, 2 to 50, 2 to 20, 2 to 10, 5 to 100, 5 to 50, 5 to 20, 5 to 10, 10 to 100, 10 to 50, 10 to 20, 20 to 100, 20 to 50, or 50 to 100 different bacteriocins. By way of example, in some embodiments, the genetic guard comprises a single E. coli strains, which produces 20 different bacteriocins. In some embodiments, the genetic guard produces a cocktail of bacteriocins. In some embodiments, the genetic guard comprises a mixture of two or more different bacteriocin-producing microbial organisms, for example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 2, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 different bacteriocin-producing microbial organisms, so as to provide a desired combination of bacteriocins. By way of example, in some embodiments, the genetic guard comprises a combination of 4 different E. coli strains, each of which produces 5 different bacteriocins (for a total of 20 different bacteriocins). In some embodiments, the genetic guard produces a cocktail of bacteriocins that target a particular category of microbial organism, for example lactic acid bacteria.

It can be useful for the genetic guard to be separated from a particular environment or culture medium, for example to maintain an industrial culture environment or feedstock free of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In some embodiments, the genetic guard is physically separated from the protected microbial organism. Optionally, the protected microbial organism is non-GMO. In some embodiments, the genetic guard is temporally separated from the protected microbial organism. Optionally, the protected microbial organism is non-GMO. For example, temporal separation in accordance with some embodiments can comprise adding the genetic guard to a culture medium to neutralize invading organisms, and subsequently adding the protected microbial organism to the culture medium. Optionally, the genetic guard can be neutralized prior to adding the protected microbial organism, for example via bacteriocins or a poison-antidote system as described herein. Optionally, the genetic guard can be neutralized by their own bacteriocins, for example by repressing expression of the corresponding immunity modulator or immunity modulators in the genetic guard. For example, temporal separation in accordance with some embodiments can comprise culturing the protected microbial organism in a culture medium, and subsequently adding the genetic guard to the culture medium.

In some embodiments, the genetic guard is positioned in a first environment, and the protected microbial organism or organisms are positioned in a second environment. The first environment can be separated from a second environment by a membrane permeable to bacteriocins produced by the genetic guard but not the genetic guard itself. In some embodiments, the membrane is not permeable to the protected microbial organism. In some embodiments, the first environment is in fluid communication with the second environment. Without being limited by any theory it is contemplated that as bacteriocins typically comprise diffusible stable peptide molecules, the bacteriocins can readily move in aqueous solution from the first environment to the second environment. In some embodiments, the first environment comprises a first chamber, tank, or pond and the second environment comprises a second chamber, tank, or pond. In some embodiments, the second environment comprises an open-air environment. Optionally, an industrial process, for example fermentation, is taking place in the second environment. In some embodiments, the first environment comprises a capsule positioned inside of the second environment. A variety of membranes are suitable for arrangements and systems in accordance with embodiments herein, so long as the membranes are permeable to bacteriocins, but not to genetic guards. In some embodiments, the membrane comprises at least one of a mesh, strainer, filter, selective valve, unidirectional valve, or porous membrane. In some embodiments, the membrane comprises one or more pores having a diameter smaller than the diameter of the genetic guard. In some embodiments, the bacteriocins diffuse through the membrane. In some embodiments, fluidic motion from the first environment to the second environment drives the movement of the bacteriocins. In some embodiments, the genetic guard is selected based on known or likely undesired microbial organisms in the culture medium. In some embodiments, the genetic guard is changed after a period of time. For example, in response to changes in the invading undesired microbial organisms, the genetic guard can be adjusted so that additional bacteriocins are added, and/or some bacteriocins are removed.

In some embodiments, an existing microbially-mediated industrial process is performed in a new location, which is characterized by one or more potential undesired microbial organisms. As the microbial organisms of the existing industrial process may not produce bacteriocins against some or all of the undesired microbial organisms of the new location, a genetic guard producing bacteriocins targeting the undesired microbial organisms can be added to the culture medium in the new location. As such, the bacteriocins of the genetic guard can neutralize one or more undesired microbial organisms, if present in the culture medium.

In some embodiments, the genetic guard produces a cocktail of bacteriocins. The cocktail of bacteriocins can be collected while the genetic guard is not, and the cocktail of bacteriocins can be contacted with a culture medium of interest. As such, separation can be maintained between the culture medium and the genetic guard. The skilled artisan will appreciate that a number of methods are suitable for separating the bacteriocins from the genetic guard, so long as the methods do not substantially damage, denature, or destroy the bacteriocins. In some embodiments, the cocktail of bacteriocins is collected by filtering out the genetic guard. In some embodiments, the cocktail of bacteriocins is collected by centrifuging to separate the genetic guard from the bacteriocins. In some embodiments, the cocktail of bacteriocins is collected by neutralizing the genetic guard. In some embodiments, the cocktail is stored prior to contact with the culture medium.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a system 600 comprising a genetic guard in accordance with some embodiments herein. The system 600 can comprise a first environment 610 and a second environment 620. Optionally, the second environment 620 can comprise an inlet 622 and/or an outlet 624. A fluid or culture medium to be treated, for example polluted water or feedstock can enter 626 via the inlet 622, and exit 628 via the outlet. The first environment 610 can be separated from the second environment 620 by a membrane 630 that is permeable to bacteriocins, but is not permeable to genetic guard microbial organisms 640. The first environment 610 can comprise genetic guard microbial organisms 640, which produce bacteriocins that can move 650 between the first environment 610 and the second environment 620. The second environment 620 can comprise protected microbial organisms 660, which are not susceptible to the neutralizing effects of the bacteriocins produced by the genetic guard 640. Optionally, the protected microbial organisms 660 can be non-GMO. However, if undesired microbial organisms 670, 675 are present, the undesired microbial organisms 670, 675 can be neutralized by the bacteriocins. In some embodiments, the system 600 comprises a treatment system for polluted water. In some embodiments, the system comprises a second inlet 623 so that fluid to be treated enters 627 the first environment 610 before entering the second environment 620. Optionally, the system can comprise the second inlet 623 but not the first inlet 622. Optionally, the system can comprise the second inlet 623 and the first inlet 622. As such, the genetic guard microbial organisms 640 can secrete bacteriocins to neutralize invading undesired organisms 670, 675, while maintaining physical separation between the genetic guard microbial organisms 640 and protected microbial organisms 660.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a genetic guard system 700 that can be useful for photosynthetic production in accordance with some embodiments herein. The system 700 can comprise a first environment 710. Optionally, the first environment 710 can comprise an inlet 715. The first environment 710 and optional inlet 715 can be in fluid and gas communication with a second environment 720. The first environment 710 can be separated from the second environment 720 by a membrane 730 that is permeable to bacteriocins and gas, but is not permeable to genetic guard microbial organisms 640. The first environment 710 can comprise genetic guard microbial organisms 640, which produce bacteriocins 740 that can move between the first environment 710 and the second environment 720. The second environment can comprise photosynthetic microbial organisms 750, for example photosynthetic microalgae. Optionally, the photosynthetic microbial organisms 750 are non-GMO. A source of light 760 can be in optical communication with the second environment 720. It is contemplated that the source of light 760 can comprise sunlight and/or artificial light. CO₂ 770 can enter the second environment 720, and can be used in combination with light from the light source 760 for photosynthetic production by the photosynthetic microbial organisms 750. Optionally the CO₂ 770 can enter the inlet 715 of the first environment 710, and enter the second environment 720 through the membrane 730. Bacteriocins 740 produced by the genetic guard microbial organisms 740 can enter the second environment 720 through the membrane 730, and can neutralize undesired microbial organisms 780, 785 in the second environment. Optionally, the second environment can comprise an outlet 780, and biomass 790 produced by the photosynthetic microbial organism 760 can exit the second environment 720 via the outlet 790. As such, the genetic guard microbial organisms 640 can secrete bacteriocins to neutralize invading undesired organisms 670, 675, while maintaining physical separation between the genetic guard microbial organisms 640 and photosynthetic microbial organisms 750 and biomass 790.

Preservation and/or Storage of Feedstock

It can be useful to store a feedstock without performing an industrial process in the feedstock, for example to build up a reserve in case additional output is needed later on, to decrease output for the time being, and/or to transport the feedstock to a different location. For example, a feedstock for feeding animals can be harvested in the summer, and stored until winter, when it is used to feed animals. For example, a feedstock may undergo an initial round of fermentation to produce a desired component in the feedstock, or to destroy or remove a desired component in the feedstock, and/or to stabilize the feedstock for storage, and the feedstock may then be preserved until it is to be consumed.

It is contemplated herein that undesired microbial organisms can contaminate a feedstock during storage, and/or consume or destroy one or more components of the feedstock. For example, microbial organisms can be selected or engineered to produce glucose from cellulose in a feedstock. However, in a feedstock comprising glucose, undesired microbial organisms can catabolize the glucose. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a genetic guard is added to a feedstock so as to protect the feedstock from one or more undesired microbial organisms during storage. In some embodiments, the feedstock undergoes an initial round of processing (e.g. fermentation) to produce, remove, or destroy at least one component (for example to stabilize the feedstock for storage and/or to provide a desired component in the feedstock such as glucose from cellulose), and the genetic guard then protects the feedstock from subsequent undesired microbial organisms. In some embodiments, the genetic guard is physically separated from the feedstock by a bacteriocin-permeable membrane during fermentation and/or during storage. It is contemplated that bacteriocin-mediated neutralization of undesired microbial organisms in a feedstock in accordance with some embodiments herein can permit a feedstock to be stored stably for long periods of time. In some embodiments, the feedstock is stably stored for at least one month, for example, at least one month, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 months.

In some embodiments, the genetic guard is contacted with the feedstock. In some embodiments, the genetic guard is already present in the feedstock, and proliferation of the genetic guard is induced prior to or during storage so that the genetic guard produces bacteriocins to neutralize undesired microbial organisms in the feedstock.

Methods of Preparing and Using Bacteriocin-Producing Microbial Organisms:

In accordance with some embodiments herein, bacteriocin-producing microbial organisms can be prepared for use in an industrial process which is subject to, or at risk of contamination or interference by undesired microbial organisms. In some embodiments, a circuit for desired production of bacteriocins is designed, nucleic acid sequences are engineered, and the circuit is assembled and introduced to a host microbial organism.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating methods of preparing and using bacteriocin. The method can comprise identifying a set of genes coding for bacteriocins targeting the undesired microbial organisms 810. An approach for identifying genes in accordance with some embodiments herein comprises identifying bacteriocin genes using an electronic database, for example bactibase, accessible on the world wide web at bactibase.pfba-lab-tun.org/main.php. The method can comprise designing a construct for expressing a bacteriocin, comprising integrating the gene set, promoter(s), and genetic regulatory elements 820. As such, a construct can be designed. Approaches for designing an appropriate construct in accordance with some embodiments herein can comprise using parts databases, for example electronic databases such as the Biobricks foundation parts database. It is contemplated herein that in accordance with some embodiments, the skilled artisan can selected desired components (including, but not limited to bacteriocin nucleotides, promoters, and genetic regulatory elements) based on their identified functions, and engineer a construct with a desired functionality based upon the identified functionality of these components. By way of example, functionalities of different possible components can be found in one or more databases, such as the Biobricks catalog. A catalog of Biobricks components is accessible on the world wide web at parts.igem.org. The method can comprise engineering the gene set with compatible integration sites 830, which can allow the genes to be assembled in a desired manner and/or appropriately introduced to a desired host. A variety of suitable integration sites can be used, for example restriction sites, substrates for an enzymatic recombination reaction, or sequences for homologous recombination. In some embodiments, the gene set is synthesized. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid comprising the gene set is synthesized. In some embodiments, the gene set is provided in one or more vectors such as plasmids. The method can comprise assembling the circuits 840. The circuits can include one or more bacteriocin nucleic acids, and a suitable promoter(s) and regulatory element(s). A variety of configurations of circuits can be suitable. In some embodiments, a single promoter drives expression of multiple bacteriocins and optional gene products of interest. In some embodiments, different bacteriocin nucleic acids are under the control of different promoters. In some embodiments, a circuit is comprised in a single construct such as a plasmid. In some embodiments, a circuit is comprised in two or more constructs such as plasmids. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid comprising the complete circuit is synthesized. In some embodiments, the circuit is assembled using conventional molecular cloning techniques, or a combination of nucleic acid synthesis and molecular cloning. Molecular cloning techniques are well known to the skilled artisan. Many suitable molecular cloning techniques are described in Green and Sambrook “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual” (2012) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 4th edition, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The method can comprise introducing the circuits into the desired host 850. Suitable hosts include, but are not limited to, naturally occurring, genetically engineered, and fully synthetic microbial organisms, including, but not limited to the exemplary microbial organisms described herein. Optionally, the method includes performing phenotypic characterization 860, for example strain behavior. For example, it can be useful to select for desired transformants or recombinants, confirm that a strain is producing the desired bacteriocins, and/or confirm that a regulatory circuit is responsive to an appropriate stimulus such as industrial precursor or product. The method can comprise industrial application comprising using the produced strain in the production plan 870. For example, a bacteriocin-producing strain can be introduced to an existing culture medium, or can be used as a starter culture for a new culture medium.

Kits

Kits are provided according to some embodiments herein. In some embodiments, the kits contain at least one of bacteriocins, bacteriocin polynucleotides, immunity modulators, immunity modulator polynucleotides, other genetic elements (such as promoters, expression vectors, conjugation plasmids, and the like), genetically engineered microbial cells, and/or culture medium as described herein. In some embodiments, the kits further contain packaging, and/or instructions for use of the contents therein. In some embodiments, the kits comprise a variety of bacteriocins, for example for use in ascertaining the effects of a candidate bacteriocin or combination thereof on a culture environment. In some embodiments, the kits comprise a variety of bacteriocin polynucleotides and immunity modulator polynucleotides, for example for constructing a microbial cell with desired characteristics. In some embodiments, the kits comprise a variety of donor microbial cells that comprise donor plasmids encoding a variety of combinations of at least one bacteriocin and/or at least one immunity modulator.

Example 1 Protection of Cyanobacteria and Neutralization Upon Escape

A cyanobacterium comprising a biosynthetic pathway for a lipid is provided. The cyanobacterium has been genetically engineered to comprise a bacteriocin polynucleotide under the control of a first promoter that is constitutively active. The cyanobacterium comprises an immunity modulator polynucleotide for an immunity modulator that protects against the bacteriocin, and that is under the control of a second promoter that is only active in the presence of a precursor found in an industrially useful feedstock. The cyanobacterium is placed in the feedstock. While it is producing lipids in the feedstock, the cyanobacterium also secretes active bacteriocin, thus neutralizing invading microorganisms. Upon escape from the feedstock, the cyanobacterium no longer possesses immunity modulator activity, but still produces bacteriocin, and thus is neutralized by the bacteriocin.

Example 2 Protection of Bacillus, Maintenance of a Plasmid, and Neutralization Upon Escape

A genetically engineered Bacillus cell is provided, comprising a bacteriocin polynucleotide integrated into its chromosomal genome, and a plasmid comprising an immunity modulator polynucleotide for an immunity modulator that protects against the bacteriocin as well as a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide to be manufactured. The bacteriocin is under the control of a constitutive promoter. The immunity modulator polynucleotide is under the control of a promoter that is only active in the presence of a precursor found in the industrially useful feedstock. As such, when the Bacillus is in the feedstock, it produces the bacteriocin to kill invading microbial cells. Moreover, when Bacillus clones lose the plasmid, they become undesirable (as they no longer can produce the polypeptide to be manufactured), and as a result of also losing the immunity modulator, are killed by the bacteriocin. Upon escape from the feedstock, the Bacillus cell no longer possesses immunity modulator activity, but still produces bacteriocin, and thus is neutralized by the bacteriocin produced by the other genetically engineered Bacillus cells in its environment.

Example 3 Regulation of Levels of Two Partner Strains of S. cerevisiae

A first S. cerevisiae strain is provided. The first strain comprises a bacteriocin polynucleotide under the control of a first promoter that is induced by the presence of a metabolite. As such, the bacteriocin is expressed more strongly as levels of the metabolite increase. The encoded bacteriocin arrests the S. cerevisiae cell cycle, but is bacteriostatic, not bacteriolytic. The first strain also comprises an immunity modulator polynucleotide for conferring immunity to the first bacteriocin under control of a promoter that is activated by a compound present only in the industrial feedstock. A second, partner strain of S. cerevisiae comprises a polynucleotide encoding an enzyme that produces the metabolite, but does not comprise a corresponding immunity modulator activity. As levels of the metabolite increase through activity of the second strain, the first strain produces more and more bacteriocin, thus arresting the cell cycle of the second strain, and reducing the relative amount of cells of the second strain available. Meanwhile, the first strain continues to proliferate. Accordingly, the relative ratio of the first strain to the second strain is increased, and buildup of the metabolite is reduced.

Example 4 Regulation of A. ferrooxidans by E. coli

An Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain is engineered to produce stored energy from the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) in a feedstock comprising an iron source that diffuses Fe(II) into the feedstock. An E. coli strain is engineered to control the growth of the first strain of A. ferrooxidans. The A. ferroxidans strain comprises a nucleic acid encoding Colicin-Ia (SEQ ID NO: 56) under the control of a rus operon promoter (SEQ ID NO: 549), and a nucleic acid encoding a Colicin-Ia immunity modulator (SEQ ID NO: 464) under the control of a constitutive promoter (B. subtilis ctc promoter, SEQ ID NO: 663). However, the ferroxidans strain does not produce any Colicin-E1 immunity modulator. The E. coli strain comprises a nucleic acid encoding Colicin-E1 (SEQ ID NO: 54) and Colicin-E1 immunity modulator (SEQ ID NO: 465) under the control of a constitutive promoter (SEQ ID NO: 651) integrated into its genome. However, the E. coli strain does not produce Colicin-Ia immunity modulator (SEQ ID NO: 464). As the A. ferroxidans oxidizes Fe(II) to Fe(III), levels of Fe(II) decrease. As such, activity of the rus promoter decreases, and the A. ferroxidans produces lower levels of Colicin-Ia (SEQ ID NO: 54). Accordingly, any neutralization of the E. coli strain is minimized. The second strain of E. coli proliferates, producing higher levels of Colicin-E1 (SEQ ID NO: 54). The Colicin-E1 neutralizes the A. ferroxidans, so that less A. ferroxidans is present to oxidize Fe(II) into Fe(III). Accordingly levels of Fe(II) increase again. As Fe(II) accumulates, the A. ferroxidans produce higher levels of Colicin-Ia (SEQ ID NO: 56), neutralizing organisms the second strain of E. coli. Accordingly, there in minimal E. coli producing Colicin-E1, and neutralization of A. ferroxidans is minimal as well. The A. ferroxidans proliferates, oxidizing the Fe(II) into Fe(III) and storing energy.

Example 5 Genetic Guard for Ethanol Synthesis by Non-GMO Microbial Organism

A genetic guard in accordance with some embodiments herein is used to protect a non-GMO microbial organism that produces ethanol from glucose in a feedstock. The genetic guard comprises an E. coli strain comprising and expressing 20 different bacteriocin nucleic acids under the control of a single constitutive promoter, and as such, produces 20 different bacteriocins in approximately stoichiometric ratios. It is also contemplated that in accordance with some embodiments herein, another suitable option is to provide a genetic guard comprising five different E. coli strains, each of which comprise and express five different bacteriocins. The genetic guard is disposed in the first environment 610 of a system as illustrated in FIG. 6. The bacteriocins diffuse through a porous membrane to enter the second environment. The porous membrane is made of porous polytetrafluoroethylene that is permeable to bacteriocins and liquid, but is not permeable to the genetic guard. Non-GMO fermenting S. cerevisiae are cultured in the second environment. The non-GMO fermenting S. cerevisiae produce ethanol from glucose in the feedstock. The bacteriocins from the genetic guard neutralize invading microbial organisms, preventing contamination of the feedstock and consumption of the ethanol by invading microbial organisms. The porous membrane maintains physical separation between the genetically-engineered genetic guard and non-GMO fermenting yeast. As such, the fermenting yeast is protected from undesired microbial organisms, while a portion of the feedstock is keep free of GMO's.

Example 6 Protection of Non-GMO Photosynthetic Microalgae by Genetic Guard

A genetic guard in accordance with some embodiments herein is used to protect a non-GMO photosynthetic microalgae that produces biomass. The biomass can be suitable for a variety of downstream applications, for example extracting compounds of interest, energy, or animal feed. The genetic guard comprises a mixture of 50 different B. subtilis strains, each of which produces a different bacteriocin. The genetic guard is disposed in an aqueous first environment 710 of a system as illustrated in FIG. 7. The system further comprises an aqueous second environment 720, which contains non-GMO photosynthetic microalgae, which yield biomass. The first environment is separated from the second environment by a 0.5 μm fiberglass filter, so as to allow gas, liquid, and bacteriocins to pass between the first environment and second environment, while blocking bacteriocins from passing between the first environment and second environment. CO₂ enters the system through an inlet in the first environment, and diffuses through the first environment and second environment. Sunlight enters the second environment, and drives the photosynthetic microalgae to produce biomass. As a result, a high-glucose biomass is produced in the second environment. The 50 different bacteriocins also diffuse from the first environment to the second environment. The bacteriocins neutralize invading undesired microbial organisms, thus preventing contamination the biomass and preventing undesired microbial organisms from interfering with biomass production and/or catabolizing the biomass. Biomass is harvested from the second environment via an outlet. As such, physical separation is maintained between genetically engineered genetic guard and non-GMO photosynthetic microalgae, while neutralizing invading microorganisms in the second environment.

Example 7 Protection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Against Lactic Acid Bacteria Family (LAB)

A Saccharomyces cerevisiae is engineered to produce multiple bacteriocins active on Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). Leucococin C (SEQ ID NO: 368) and Diversin V41 (SEQ ID NO: 74) are shown to be active on LAB bacteria according to the bactibase database, which is accessible on the world wide web at bactibase.pfba-lab-tun.org/main.php. It is appreciated that as S. cerevisiae are not sensitive to Leucococin or Diversin V41, there is no need to integrate corresponding immunity loci into the S. cerevisiae. As such, Leucococin C (SEQ ID NO: 368) and Diversin V41 (SEQ ID NO: 74) are selected, and polynucleotides are encoding Leucococin C (SEQ ID NO: 369) and Diversin V41 (SEQ ID NO: 75) are provided. The polynucleotides encode Leucococin C (SEQ ID NO: 368) and Diversin V41 (SEQ ID NO: 74), each fused to signal peptide from yeast mating factor alpha to facilitate secretion by the S. cerevisiae. The polynucleotides are integrated into the genome of a single S. cerevisiae strain under the control of a strong constitutive promoter, PPGK1 (3-Phosphoglyceratekinase) (SEQ ID NO: 692). The transformation is performed using standard homologous recombination. It is contemplated herein that other suitable strong constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to PTEF1 (translation elongation factor) and PGAP (glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) (a list of constitutive yeast promoters is accessible on the world wide web at parts.igem.org/Promoters/Catalog/Yeast/Constitutive). The bacteriocin activity expressed by the transformed S. cerevisiae is measured by inhibitory assays on LAB cultures invading the production plan. As the makeup of undesired microbial organisms invading the feedstock changes over time, S. cerevisiae strains producing additional, fewer, and/or different bacteriocins can be produced and introduced into the industrial feedstock. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A first microbial cell comprising a nucleic acid encoding a secreted bacteriocin which controls the growth of a second microbial cell and a nucleic acid which confers resistance to said secreted bacteriocin, wherein said first microbial cell has been genetically engineered to allow the expression or activity of said nucleic acid which confers resistance to said bacteriocin to be regulated.
 2. The first microbial cell of claim 1, wherein the expression or activity of said nucleic acid which confers resistance to said bacteriocin is reduced to a level which causes said first microbial cell to be neutralized by said bacteriocin if said first microbial cell is released from a desired growth environment.
 3. The first microbial cell of claim 1, wherein said first microbial cell has been genetically engineered to make a desired product.
 4. The first microbial cell of claim 3, wherein said secreted bacteriocin further has been selected to maintain at least one condition within a culture in which said first microbial cell is producing said desired product.
 5. The first microbial cell of claim 4, wherein the culture comprises at least one invading microbial organism.
 6. The first microbial cell of claim 4, wherein the at least one condition within a culture comprises controlling the growth of the second microbial cell, wherein the second microbial cell is a common contaminate of the culture.
 7. The first microbial cell of claim 1, wherein said second microbial cell is a different strain, species or genus than said first microbial cell.
 8. The first microbial cell of claim 1, further comprising a nucleic acid encoding a second secreted bacteriocin which controls the growth of a third microbial cell and a nucleic acid which confers resistance to said secreted second bacteriocin, wherein said first microbial cell has been genetically engineered to allow the expression or activity of said nucleic acid which confers resistance to said bacteriocin to be regulated.
 9. The first microbial cell of claim 1, wherein said bacteriocin kills said second microbial cell.
 10. The first microbial cell of claim 1, wherein said bacteriocin reduces the growth rate of said second microbial cell.
 11. The first microbial cell of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid encoding said bacteriocin is on a chromosome of said microbial cell.
 12. The first microbial cell of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid conferring resistance to said bacteriocin is on a plasmid.
 13. The first microbial cell of claim 1, wherein said first microbial cell is selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeast, and algae.
 14. A culture comprising the first microbial cell of claim 1, wherein said culture further comprises the second microbial cell, wherein the presence of the second microbial cell is desired, and wherein the bacteriocin controls the growth rate of the second cell.
 15. A method of controlling the growth of a second microbial cell in a culture medium, the method comprising: culturing a first microbial cell in a culture medium comprising said second microbial cell under conditions in which said first microbial cell produces a bacteriocin at a level sufficient to control the growth of said second microbial cell wherein said first microbial cell comprises a nucleic acid encoding a secreted bacteriocin which controls the growth of said second microbial cell and a nucleic acid which confers resistance to said secreted bacteriocin, and wherein said first microbial cell has been genetically engineered to allow the expression or activity of said nucleic acid which confers resistance to said bacteriocin to be regulated.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the culture is maintained continually for at least 30 days.
 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising: detecting at least one change in the culture medium, the change comprising a presence or increase in the levels or activity of a third microbial cell; and reengineering the first microbial cell in response to the change to produce a second bacteriocin at a level sufficient to control the growth of the third microbial cell.
 18. A system for neutralizing undesired microbial organisms in a culture medium, the system comprising: a first environment comprising a culture medium; and a second environment comprising a second microbial organism that secretes two or more different bacteriocins, wherein the second microbial organism comprises immunity modulators for each of the two or more different bacteriocins, wherein the second environment is in fluid communication with the first environment, wherein the second environment is physically separated from the first environment so that the second microbial organism cannot move from the second environment to the first environment, and wherein the secreted two or more different bacteriocins enter the culture medium of the first environment.
 19. The system of claim 18, further comprising a first microbial organism in the culture medium, wherein the first microbial organism does not secrete the two or more different bacteriocins, and wherein the first microbial organism is not neutralized by any of the two or more different bacteriocins.
 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the second environment is separated from the first environment by at least one of a membrane, a mesh, a filter, or a valve that is permeable to the two or more different bacteriocins, but is not permeable to the second microbial organisms. 